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Week 1-4 PR2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Quantitative Research?

A
  1. Large sample
  2. Objective results
  3. Structured research instrument
  4. Generalizable data
  5. Data in the form of numbers
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2
Q

Strengths: (VARCGEQS)

A
  • valid and reliable
  • accurate results
  • replicated
  • cause and effect establishment
  • generalizable
  • quantifiable
  • software analyze
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3
Q

Weakness: (CERDP)

A
  • costly
  • comprehensive explanation cannot
  • rigid and inflexible research design
  • described by numerical data cannot
  • explore a problem cannot
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4
Q

Kinds of Quantitative Research: (DEQCEC)

A
  • Descriptive
  • Experimental
  • Quasi-experimental
  • Causal-Comparative
  • Ex-post Facto
  • Correlational
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4
Q

used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing as it occurs in nature.

A

Descriptive Research

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5
Q

It involves describing, analyzing, and interpreting the conditions that now exist.

A

Descriptive Research

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6
Q

Examines who, what, when, and where questions

A

Descriptive Research

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7
Q

Refers to correspondence between two variables

A

Relationship

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7
Q

Types of Relationship

A

Correlation and Causation

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8
Q

It describes how the values of variable Y of a specific population are associated with the values of another variable X from the same population.

A

Correlation

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9
Q

There can be _____ without _____

A

There can be correlation without causation

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9
Q

relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason behind the other.

A

Causation

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10
Q

There can never be _____ without _____

A

There can never be causation without correlation

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11
Q

Also referred to as True Experimental Research

A

Experimental Research

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12
Q

Used to establish cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables

A

Experimental Research

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13
Q

In an experiment, the researcher attempts to deliberately control and/or manipulate the variables in the study

A

Experimental Research

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13
Q

Experimentation provides the most powerful support for possible hypothesis of causation

A

Experimental Research

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14
Q

Basic Requirements for Experiments:

A
  1. Random assignment of respondents or research participants
  2. Treatment and no-treatment groups
  3. Observations after the treatment
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15
Q

To be able to infer a relationship between cause and effect, THREE requirements must be met

A
  1. Systematic Order of Events
    a. Cause must precede effect
  2. Associative Association
    a. Cause must be related to effect
  3. Absence of Other Causes
    a. Aside from the (identified) cause, no alternative explanation for the effect must be plausible
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16
Q

Results can show relationships between variables; relationship between cause and effect is difficult to prove

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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17
Q

Absence of random selection and assignment of subjects.

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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18
Q

It has therefore lesser validity than true experimental designs.

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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19
Q

It is used when the researcher cannot or should not randomly assign participants to control and experimental groups

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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20
Q

Much of the research in education and psychology is conducted in the field or in classroom settings using intact groups.

A

Quasi-Experimental Research

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21
Attempts to identify a causative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable after an action or event has already occured
Causal-Comparative Research
22
Investigates the causes or consequences of existing differences in groups of individuals
Causal-Comparative Research
23
Researchers' goal is to determine whether the I.V. affected the outcome, or D.V., by comparing two or more group of individuals
Causal-Comparative Research
24
Also referred to as ex-post facto research.
Causal-Comparative Research
25
Ex post facto research literally means
"After-the-fact"
26
Investigators have no control over the variables in the sense of being able to manipulate them.
Ex-Post Facto Research
27
Report only what has happened or what is happening.
Ex-Post Facto Research
28
Looks first to the effects and tries afterward to determine causes.
Ex-Post Facto Research
29
Is there a difference in the literacy level of students between their cultural and educational family background?
Ex-Post Facto Research
30
Is there a significant difference in the post-test scores of the control group and experimental group?
Experimental Research
31
How does the amount of uninterrupted darkness influence the anthesis of selected Zea mays L. saccharata cultivars?
Experimental Research
32
Orientation in Research
Retrospective and Prospective
32
- Starts with an effect and seeks possible causes - Phenomenon existing in the present is linked to phenomena that occurred in the past - Begins with the dependent variable and then examines whether it is correlated with one or more antecedent independent variables
Retrospective
32
Correlation is a synonym for _____
association
33
Studies relationships between two or more variables in a single group of participants without any attempt to influence them
Correlational Research
33
Establishes the existence of relationship between or among variables of the study
Correlational Research
33
Starts with a cause and investigates its effects on some variable
Prospective
34
Does not consider cause-and-effect relationships
Correlational Research
35
Lack of random assignment limits the generalizability of the results
Correlational Research
36
Classification of variables
Quantitative Variable and Qualitative Variable
36
Two requirements for variables:
1. Values for any variable must be any mutually exclusive from one another a. Each subject can have only a single value on each variable in the study 2. Values for any variable must be exhaustive. a. All research participants can be assigned, or self-selected, into a value provided.
36
_____ is most appropriate research when a phenomenon occurrs naturally; or it is not practical to manipulate the independent variables; or the control of independent variables is unrealistic; or when such manipulation of human participants is ethically unacceptable (e.g., delinquency, illnesses, road accidents, suicide).
Causal-Comparative or Ex-Post Facto Research
37
- “An observable characteristic of an object, event, or people that can be described according to some well-defined classification or measurement scheme” - Measurement of something that holds at least two distinct values across participants within the study. - A characteristic or attribute that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties (Ardales, 1992);
Variables
38
Variables which can’t be measured numerically/quantitatively
Qualitative Variable
38
Functions of variables
Presumed causality and Purpose of inquiry
39
Variables which can be measured numerically
Quantitative Variable
40
Independent and Dependent Variable
Presumed Causality
40
- “the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher” - The one varied during the experiment; - Presumed cause of the dependent variable - It is what causes or influences the outcome” - It predicts the relationships - Also referred to as explanatory variable - Can be referred to as manipulated, antecedent, stimulus variable
Independent variable (X)
40
– the one measured or observed;- The presumed effect of the independent variable. - The term dependent implies “it is influenced by the independent variable - Also called criterion, response, consequence, or outcome variables.
Dependent variable (Y)
41
_____ are introduced to remove their influence from the relationship of the other variables
Control variables
41
_____ are introduced to further elucidate the nature of the relationships among the variables.
Moderator variables
41
Control and Moderator Variable
Purpose of inquiry
42
Suspected or known to impact/influence the dependent variable
Moderator Variable
42
Any variable that is held constant in a research study by observing only one of its instances or levels.
Control Variable
43
- factors not considered in the study but which affect/ influences in anyway the study variables - Variables that are not caused by any other variables in a model of interest
Extraneous variable/Exogenous variable
44
Two different scales for measurement of variables:
- continuous and discrete or categorical - nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio
45
Can take on an ordered set of numerical values within a certain range.
Continuous variable
46
Can take specific values only; can only have specific value which has semblance of absoluteness.
Discrete variable
47
_____ belongs to nominal measurement
Categorical variable
48
Variable that represents two categories
Dichotomous variable
48
Variable with many categories
Polychotomous variable
48
The application of rules in assigning numbers to cases so as to represent the presence or absence of quantity of an attribute possessed by each case.
Measurement
49
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
- Nominal Scale Measurement (Lowest) - Ordinal Scale Measurement - Interval Scale Measurement - Ratio Scale Measurement (Highest)
50
It is just a descriptive name - no value, no ranking - like colors (red, blue, yellow) or gender (male, female) and are mutually exclusive (for the purposes of the study.
Nominal
51
Ranked highest to lowest. Cities ranked by size of population. Baseball players ranked by batting average.
Ordinal
52
“Continuous variable” in which a number is assigned to the amount of an attribute and IN WHICH ZERO DOES NOT MEAN THE ABSENCE OF THE ATTRIBUTE
Interval
53
“Continuous variable” in which a number is assigned to the amount of an attribute and IN WHICH ZERO HAS A MEANING
Ratio
54
“Building blocks of hypotheses”
Variables

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