PR2 Q2

Question 1

Explains in detail the over-all
procedure to be followed in
conducting research.

Answer 1

METHODOLOGY

Question 2

The methodology describes in detail the:

Answer 2

1. Research design
2. Study variables
3. Research respondents/subjects
4. Sampling procedures
5. Research instrument
6. Data gathering steps
7. Data analysis method or tool
8. Ethical considerations

Question 3

WHAT IS A GOOD
METHODOLOGY?

Answer 3

• WHAT is going to be done,
• WHY it is going to be done, and
• HOW it is going to be done.

Question 4

• It is the plan, structure, and strategy
  of the investigation.
• A framework for conducting a
  research project that specifies the
  procedures necessary to obtain
  information needed to structure
  and/or solve the research problem.
• Framework that guides researchers
  on how to collect, analyze, and
  interpret observations.

Answer 4

RESEARCH DESIGN

Question 5

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

Answer 5

• Observational Studies
• Intervention Studies
• Exploratory Research
• Conclusive Research

Question 6

The researcher just observes and analyzes researchable objects or situations but does
not intervene.

Answer 6

Observational Studies

Question 7

The researcher manipulates
objects or situations and
measures the outcome of his
manipulations.

Answer 7

Intervention Studies

Question 7

• Small-scale study carried out when little
  is known about a situation or a problem.
• Provides insights, aids problem definition,
  and helps to develop hypotheses.
• Flexible, unstructured; Information
  needed is defined loosely, findings are
  tentative.
• Often qualitative in nature

Answer 7

Exploratory Research

Question 7

• Formal, Structured
• Information needed is well-defined
• Test specific hypotheses or
  relationships
• Larger, more representative samples
• Often quantitative in nature

Answer 7

Conclusive Researh

Question 8

KINDS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Answer 8

• Survey Design
• Experimental Design
  True Experimental Design
  Quasi-Experimental Design
• Causal-Comparative Design
• Correlational Design

Question 9

It is a strategy that enables you
to study “naturally occurring
phenomena.
”

It enables you to answer
questions about the distribution
of and relationships among
characteristics of people as they
exist in their natural setting
(Mitchell & Jolley, 2004; Alreck
and Settle, 1985).

Answer 9

SURVEY DESIGN

Question 10

BASIC SURVEY DESIGNS

Answer 10

• CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
• LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Question 11

• Researcher collects data over
  time.
• Sometimes, referred to as time-
  series study
• An investigation that involves
  taking repeated measures over
  time.; Useful for conducting
  trend analysis, tracking changes
  in behavior over time.

Answer 11

Longitudinal Study

Question 12

Researcher collects data at one
point in time from a sample
selected to describe a
population at that time
Involves conducting a survey of
a sample of population elements
at one point in time.

Answer 12

Cross-Sectional Study

Question 13

LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Answer 13

• TREND STUDY
• COHORT STUDY
• PANEL STUDY

Question 14

The researcher
compares the
career
aspiration of
fourth year
college students
and

Answer 14

Trend Study

Question 15

deals with the
same specific
population each
time data are
collected even if
sample may be
different.

Answer 15

Cohort Study

Question 16

• It aims to find out cause-and-effect
  relationships between variables.
• Basic requirements for experiments
  (Librero, 2012):
• Random assignment of
  respondents or research
  participants,
• Treatment and no-treatment
  groups, and
• Observations after the treatment.

Answer 16

Experimental Design

Question 17

______ partly, partially, almost
Research designs that lack random
assignment of respondents to
experimental treatments so that
comparison between treatments has
to be done with groups that are not
equivalent.

Answer 17

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN

Question 18

Also known as associational research
It is designed to:
To explore the relationship between
two or more without manipulating any
of the variables being investigated
To describe the nature of existing
relationship between variables
To determine the degree of relationship
between 2 or more variables (with the
use of a correlation coefficient)

Answer 18

CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH

Question 19

Positive Correlation means that high
scores in one variable (X) are associated
with _____ in another variable (Y).

Negative Correlation means that high
scores in one variable (X) are associated
with _____ in another variable (Y).

Answer 19

high scores, low scires

Question 20

EXAMPLE OF NON-
MANIPULABLE VARIABLES

Answer 20

Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Learning style
Socioeconomic status
Parent educational level
Family environment
Type of school attended

Question 21

• The slanting of findings away
  from the truth.
• _____ distorts findings.
  Research designs should be
  developed to reduce the
  likelihood of bias or to control
  for it.
• Depicted as threats to internal
  and external validity

Answer 21

VIAS

Question 22

POTENTIAL CAUSES OF BIAS
IN RESEARCH DESIGNS

Answer 22

Researchers
Components of the environment and/or
setting
Individual subjects and/or sample
How groups were formed
Measurement tools
Data collection process
Data and duration of study (maturation)
Statistical tests and analysis of
interpretation

Question 23

WHICH IS THE
BEST RESEARCH
DESIGN?
It depends on:

Answer 23

• Problem of interest
• Level of information needed
• Resources
• Researcher’s experience

Question 24

A _____ is a “symbol to which
numerals or values are assigned.”

Answer 24

variable

Question 25

There are two common ways of
categorizing variable: _____

Answer 25

independent
and dependent variables, and
intervening variables.

Question 26

scale of measurement

Answer 26

nominal - analyze frequency data for each classification

ordinal - classes are ordered with respect to a variable

interval - compare quantitative difference among case on a scale

ratio - compare absolute distances brtween cases

Question 27

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
- _____ transform a set of
numbers or observations into indices
that describe or characterize the data.
_____ are used to
summarize, organize, and reduce large
numbers of observations.

Answer 27

Descriptive Statistics

Question 28

provide
information about the typical scores of a group

Answer 28

Measures of Central Tendency

Question 29

_____ - show how spread out
the distribution of scores is from the mean of
the distribution, how much, on the average,
scores differ from the mean, or how different
scores are from each other. Variability measures
are also referred to in general terms as
measures of dispersion, scatter, and spread.

Answer 29

Measures of Variability

Question 30

Measures of Central Tendency – provide information
about the typical scores of a group

_____ - is the arithmetic average of all the scores. It is
calculated by summing all the
scores and then dividing the sum by the number of
scores.
_____ - is the point that divides a rank-ordered
distribution into halves that contain an equal number of
scores.
_____ - is simply the score that occurs most frequently
in a distribution.

Answer 30

mean, median, mode