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Primary Healthcare In Action > Week 1-4 > Flashcards

Week 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 dimensions of health

A 
Physical
Mental
Emotional
Spiritual
Socio-cultural
Environmental
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2
Q

Define: Health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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3
Q

The Australian Nursing Federation defines health as:

A

A state of complete physical, emotional, social and cultural wellbeing of the person across the period of their life, enabling them to achieve their full potential as a human being.
This also applies to the physical, social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of their whole community. It is not merely the absence of disease, injury or disability

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4
Q

Name the 5 Foundations of health

A
  • Ecological- everything is connected to everything else
  • Dynamic and socially determined- health is situated in the multilayered, real-world, social contexts of community life
  • Reciprocal- health is created in the exchanges between people and their environments
  • Health literacy- adequate knowledge to inform health decisions
  • Empowerment- knowledge and opportunity to have control over one’s life and health decisions
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5
Q

What are the 4 National Competency Standards for Midwifery

A

Legal and professional practice
Midwifery knowledge and practice
Midwifery as primary healthcare
Reflection and ethical practice

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6
Q

What are the 9 National Health Priority Areas

A
  1. Cardiovascular Health
  2. Cancer Control
  3. Injury Prevention And Control
  4. Mental Health
  5. Diabetes mellitus
  6. Asthma
  7. Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions Obesity
  8. Dementia
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7
Q

What are the 3 main models of health

A
  • Biomedical model of health

- Biopsychosocial model of health
- Social model of health

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8
Q

Describe: Biomedical model of health

A
  • The dominant model
  • Reductionist approach
  • Focus on individual’s health
  • Disease causation is biologically specific
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9
Q

Describe: Biopsychosocial model of health

A
  • Considers psychological, social factors and biological factors
  • Focus on individual’s health
  • Relationships are central
  • Considers the person’s health in the context of life circumstances
  • Treatment is multidimensional
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10
Q

Describe: Social Model of health

A
  • Considers social, economic, political and environmental determinants
  • Underpinned by the concept of social justice
  • Holistic model
  • Individual, community and population focus
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11
Q

What are the Principles underpinning the Social model of health

A
  • Addresses the broader determinants of health
  • Involves inter-sectoral collaboration
  • Acts to reduce social inequities
  • Empowers individuals
  • Health is a human right
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12
Q

Define: Health Determinants

A

The range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations

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13
Q

Name the 5 types of Social Determinants

A
  1. Age, sex and hereditary factors
  2. Lifestyle factors
  3. Social and community networks
  4. Living and working conditions
  5. General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
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14
Q

What are the 2 categories of Social Determinants

A

Structural determinants

Intermediary determinants

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15
Q

Define: Social determinants

A

are the causes of the causes of ill health

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16
Q

The Alma Ata Declaration was developed in

A

1978

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17
Q

What did the Alma Ata Declaration do

A
  • Identified PHC as the key to attainment of health for all

- Declared the search for health to be inseparable from the struggle for a more just society

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18
Q

What was the goal of the Alma Ata declaration

A

Health for all by the year 2000

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19
Q

The WHO is…

A

an agency of united nations

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20
Q

List some Structural determinants of health

A

Government
Macroeconomic,
Social and public policies

21
Q

How many Millennium Development Goals are there

A

8

22
Q

What year were the Millennium Goals introduced

A

2000

23
Q

The deadline for the Millenium Goals were…

A

2015

24
Q

The Millennium Development Goals were designed to…

A
  • address the effects of hunger, disease and lack of adequate shelter in developing countries
  • promote education and gender equality in developing countries
  • Address the effects of poverty on health in developing countries
25
Q

Define: Primary Health Care

A

is essential health care based on

  • practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and
  • technology made universally acceptable
  • through full participation
  • at a cost the community can afford to maintain
26
Q

List the 8 Millennium Development Goals

A

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality.

Goal 5: Improve maternal health.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases.

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development.

27
Q

List the 6 Principles of PHC

A
  1. Equitable access to health care
  2. Appropriate technology
  3. Health promotion
  4. Cultural sensitivity
  5. Intersectoral collaboration
  6. Community participation
28
Q

Define: Primary Care

A

Is the first point of contact a person has with the health system – thepoint where people receive care for most of their everyday health needs

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Primary Care

A 
Focus on health needs
Person-centred approach
Continuity of care
Trusting relationship
Community-based care
30
Q

What are the 3 levels of health promotion

A

Upstream- promoting, maintaining health
Midstream- appropriate treatment, protection from harm and disability after illness/injury
Downstream- rehabilitation, coping, managing health and illness

31
Q

Define: Secondary and Tertiary Prevention

A

Secondary- early detection of health problems, prevent complications when illness is present,
minimise negative health outcomes and aid recovery

Tertiary- reduction of complications associated with acute or chronic illness aim is to achieve optimal wellness

32
Q

Define: Health Inequity

A

refers to those inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice

33
Q

Health is influenced by what factors

A 
Lifestyle
Economic
Political
Cultural
Environment
Social
34
Q

Define: Intermediate determinants

A

are the material factors, including wealth or access to material resources- the natural, physical and built environment

Includes- living/working conditions, education and transport

35
Q

Define: Fragmentation

A

where health professionals work solely within the confines of their position

36
Q

Define: Health Inequality

A

is the generic term use to designate the (measurable) difference, variations and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups

37
Q

Define: Public health

A
  • historically aimed at promoting health and preventing disease through surveillance and monitoring;
  • now extended to consider the social determinants of health
38
Q

Explain: Health promotions role in Public Health

A

health promotion is a process of the new public health and it’s strategies are used to achieve public health initiatives

39
Q

Define: Health Promotion

A

is a process and strategy of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health

40
Q

Explain: Health Promotion in regards to PHC

A
  • health promo is a PHC strategy
  • its a political, ecological and capacity building process
  • its aim is to arrange the social and structural determinants of health in a way that facilitates health
  • HP efforts are global
41
Q

What are the 3 approaches/models to Health Promotion

A

PHC approach
Lifestyle/behavioural approach
Socio-ecological approach

42
Q

When was the Ottawa Charter developed

A

1986

43
Q

Define the purpose: Ottawa Charter (1986)

A

shifts the focus from disease prevention and individual responsibility for health to health promotion through building public policy

44
Q

What are the Fundamental condition for health identified by the Ottawa Charter

A
  • peace
  • shelter
  • education
  • food
  • income
  • stable ecosystem
  • sustainable resources
  • social justice and equity
45
Q

Ottawa Charter (1986)

What are the 5 major Strategies for health promotion?

A
  1. Building healthy public policy
  2. Creating supportive environments
  3. Strengthening community action
  4. Developing personal skills
  5. Reorienting health services
46
Q

What are 3 basic health promotion strategies

A

Enable
Mediate
Advocate

47
Q

What are common health promotion practices

A

Health education
Health communication
Nurses, midwives and health promotion practice

48
Q

Define: Community health

A

is the synthesis or product of people interacting with their environment

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