week 1,2,3 Flashcards
4 types of anatomy + description
gross= system and regional - macroscopic surface= external form of body microscopic= cells ect development = gradual changes in the body
6 organism characteristics
organisation - relationship amongst parts of an organism
metabolism - chemical reactions
responsiveness -sense changes in the environment
growth- increase size
development- changes through time
reproduction - continuation of population/species
Define homeostasis
existence and maintenance of relatively constant environments within the body - at a certain threshold
Regions of the body
right hypochondriac
epigastric region
left hypochondriac
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region
right iliac region
hypogastric region
left iliac region
Quadrants of the body
right upper, left upper
right lower, left lower
What is a serous membrane and function of serous fluid
lines the body to reduce friction and hold everything in place
the fluid acts as a lubricant between the two layers to allow movement of organs at low friction
Two layers of the serous membrane and there functions
visceral - lines organs
Parietal - lines trunk
Minor vs major homeostasis
minor - body can recover from
major - body cannot recover from alone - burns/ infections = medications and antibiotics to help
4 characteristics of a cell
1 = cell metabolism 2= synthesis of molecules 3= communication for division and growth 4= reproduction and inheritance
Smooth vs Rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth - lipid/steroid/carb synthesis
detoxification of harmful substances
glycogen to glucose breakdown
rough- contains ribosomes another site for protein synthesis
plasma / cell membrane
encloses cellular contents, controls cell traffic, inter-cellular communication
bi-lipid layer (two layers of phoso-lipids)
hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
contains cholesterol (lubricates) and proteins (transport)
Roles of the:
- nucleus
- nuclear envelope
- nucleolus
Nucleus - control centre and stores genetic information
NE- encloses nucleus - contains nuclear pores for transport
Nucleolus - ribosome synthesis
Roles of the : Cytoplasm cytosol cytoplasmic inclusions cytoskeleton
cytoplasm = cellular fluid that contains organelles
cytosol = thick viscous liquid that surrounds organelles - ions/molecules/proteins
Cytoplasmic inclusions = aggregates of chemicals
cytoskeleton = fibres that give cell shape
Roles of:
Lysosome
ribosome
L- membrane bound vesicles formed at the golgi bosy, contains enzymes, digest molcules and forgein material that the cell no longer needs
R- protein synthesis - two sub-units connected
float freely in the cell bound by nuclear membrane
Role of the golgi body:
flattened membranous sacs
cisternate = fluid spaces
modifies, packages and distributes proteins
What is epithelial tissue
Covers a body surface and lines body cavities
lateral cell surface that reduces friction
has a basement surface that anchors cells and provides blood diffusion as epithelial cells are avascular
Classification of epithelial tissues
simple = single layer stratified = more than one layer pseudo-strated = one layer but looks like more than one
squamous = thin and flat cuboidal= square like columnar= tall transitional = changes shape
Purpose of connective tissue and what is it made of
connects, supports, transports, compart mentalilses information also is used for energy productiona and storage (abundant)
Cells (EG adipose, fibourous, mast WBC)
produce ground substance - fills spaces between cell tissues
and fibers - collagen, elastic and verticular fibres
4 classes of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper dense and loose
- cartilage - made of a rigid matrix
- Bone - cells in matrix - supports and protects
- blood = transports waste and respiratory gases around the body
Types and purpose of muscle tissue
highly cellular and well vascularised responsible for body movement
skeletal = attached to bones - voluntary control
cardiac = walls of heart increas in mitochondria, involuntary
Smooth = walls of hollow organs , involuntary control
Describe Nervous tissue
control and communication, electrical - chemical impulses
*neurons and supporting cells
Order of structures in digestion
oral cavity - pharynx - oesophagus - stomach - SI - LI -rectum - anal canal
Role of enzymes
speed up reaction rate in the body - no consumed by it
very specific - certain active site
protein catalyst
parts and function of the peritoneum
lines the walls of organs in the abdominal cavity
visceral - lines organs
parietal - inferior surface of body wall
oral cavity parts and role in digestion
mechanical digestion food – bolus
tounge - pushes food to pharynx
teeth -
