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MICR 2420 > Week 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

miasma theory

A

diseases thought to be caused by “bad air”

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2
Q

bubonic plague

A

-caused by bacterium yersmia pestis
-spread by fleas, rodents, caused infection in lymph nodes

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3
Q

smallpox

A

-caused by variola virus
-caused skin lesions
-airborne

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4
Q

cholera

A

-caused by bacterium vibrio cholerae
-caused infection of SI
-transmitted through contaminated food/water

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5
Q

Robert Hooke

A

-built first compound lens microscope
-first to see eukaryotic microbes

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6
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwehoek

A

-experimented magnifying lens
-first to observe single-celled organisms

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7
Q

germ theory + contributors

A

diseases caused by microorganisms

Florence Nightingale:
-founder of medical stats, found soldiers died of infections more than battle wounds, showed statistical correlation w sanitation and mortality

Louis Pasteur:
-discovered microbial fermentation produces lactic acid or alcohol
-disproved spontaneity theory using swan flask
-developed 1st artificial vaccine

Joseph Lister:
-surgeon who enforced sterilization during surgery

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8
Q

Robert Koch

A

founder of scientific method of microbio, developed kock’s postulates

  1. microbe found in all cases of diseases
  2. microbe isolated, grown in pure culture
  3. injected into healthy host, same disease occurs
  4. same strain retrieved from new host
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9
Q

Edward Jenner

A

-found exposure to cowpox produces immunity to severe smallpox, developed vaccine

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10
Q

Carl Woese

A

-studied bacteria that ahve adapted to life in extreme environental conditions
-Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene
sequences revealed that these prokaryotes
were a distinct life form
◦ Woese coined the name Archaea

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11
Q

viruses

A

-non-cellular particle containing genetic material that takes over metabolism of cell to create new particles
-discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky

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12
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

discovery of antibiotics
-isolated for penicillin, found it stops growth of staphylcoccus bacteria
-pfizer manufactured penicillin

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13
Q

human health and concerns

A

optimism with eradicating diseases with vaccines

concerns:
-population density
-climate change (fungal diseases grow more in warm weather and spreads faster)
-emergence of old and new diseases

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14
Q

antimicrobial drug resistance (ADR)

A

increased antibiotic use leads to drug resistance
-healthcare cost increases

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15
Q

what is fermentation

A

absence of oxygen, carbon source consumed by microbe to gain energy and grow larger

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16
Q

explain prokaryotes

A

-no nucleus
-includes bacteria and archaea
-divides through binary fission
-cell walls
-phototrophic and heterotrophic
-includes fungi, mammals, protists

17
Q

explain eukaryotes

A

-has membrane-bound nucleus
-divides through mitosis or meiosis
-includes algae and plats, fungi and animals
-cell walls

18
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

-first forms of life were prokaryotes
-large prokaryote cell engulfed smaller bacteria
-bacteria provided energy, helped each other, became permanent parts of the larger cell
-led to the development of complex cells branching off into eukaryotic cells
-idea that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

19
Q

how is a species defined?

A

-high degree of genomic relatedness based on housekeeping genes, very central function within cell
-share common traits (habitat, ell shape, nutrient requirements)

20
Q

explain bacteria

A

-found in nearly every habitat
-mostly harmless or beneficial, small number of pathogens
-cell walls: peptidoglycan (amino acids + sugars)
-photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic
-huge metabolic diversity
-diverse shapes
coccus, bacillus, vibrio, coccobacillus, spirillum, spirochete

21
Q

explain archaea

A

-found in nearly every habitat
-extremophiles
-no known human pathogens
-cells with pseudopeptidoglycan

22
Q

what do eukaryotes includes

A

protists,:

algae: uni or multi-cellular, photosynthetic, have cellulose cell walls
protozoa: diverse, photosynthetic, parasitic, or pathogenic

fungi:

Yeasts: unicellular
molds/filamentous fungi: multicellular, made of long filaments forming visible colonies, connects to roots of plants nd trees, critical to decomposition and nutrient cycling

23
Q

what does magnification require?

A

resolution: ability to distinguish between 2 separate points, low resolutions is fuzzy, high is sharp, is affected by wavelength and numerical aperture (NA) must be high

contrast: difficult to distinguish small structures in microorganisms due to transparency

24
Q

what are the kinds of light microscopy?

A

bright field
dark field
phase contrast
fluorescence
electron microscopy

25
Q

how do optics and properties of light affect ability to view objects?

A

as wavelength lengthens, gets weaker, less frequency, limits size of the object that can be seen

26
Q

describe how an oil immmersion lens works

A

-put drop of oil between lens and object to minimize loss of refracted light at widest angles, sharpens the image

27
Q

explain bright field microscopy

A

-object appears as dark silhouette
-limit of resolution is 1000x
-observe microbes by placing in drop of water on glass slide with coverslip (wet mount)
-can see cells in natural state, detection and resolution enhanced by staining

28
Q

gram staining

A

-Use same procedure to differentiate
-Differential stain, differentiates between 2 types of bacteria
-Gram positive: retain crystal violet stain because of thicker cell wall, cells appear purple colour
-Gram-negative: bacteria do not retain stain, cells appear pink/reddish colour

29
Q

acid-fast staining

A

Differentiates two types of gram-positive cells: those with waxy mycolic acids in cell walls vs those without

30
Q

capsule staining

A

-Certain bacteria and yeasts have protective outer structure called a capsule
-presence of capsule relates to microbe’s virulence, and the ability weather cells have them is an important diagnostic took
-Negative staining technique required (India ink stains surrounding medium, not capsule)

31
Q

endospore staining

A

-Produced within certain bacterial cells to survive harsh conditions
-Ex: bacillus species form highly resistant endospores, highly resistant to normal stain (gram stain)

32
Q

phase contrast microscopy

A

-exploits differences in refractive index between cytoplasm and surrounding medium, or different organelles

-Contrast between cells and background increased

-Used to view live unfixed cells and cellular organelles
-Can see how a specific microbes structure generally looks like without staining

33
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

-Detects “parts” of cells
-specimen absorbs light then emits lights of lower energy, specimen fluoresces
-Autofluorescence: some cell components naturally fluoresce under specific light wavelengths
-Fluorophores: fluorescent compounds or proteins that CAN fluorescent

34
Q

describe the immunofluorescence technique

A

technique used to identify certain disease-causing microbes by observing whether antibodies bind to them

  1. Antigen is fixed to surface
  2. Patient serum added, antibodies (if present) bind to antigen
  3. Secondary antibody (fluorescent) is added, binds to patient antibodies if present
35
Q

Electron Microscope (EM) and two types

A

Use beams of electrons instead of light in visible spectrum, has higher energy and shorter wavelengths and higher, improves resolution power to see smaller objects

Scanning electron microscope (SEM): creates image by detecting reflected electrons, see 3D structure of organism and surface

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): electrons pass through thin sections of sample to create an image, the electron-dense regions appear darker, looks 2D, one plane, see inside and the surface

MICR 2420 (12 decks)

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