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BIO130 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

do prokaryotes have cilia?

A

no

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2
Q

origins of mitochondria (endosymbiosis) - entangle - engulf - endogenies (E^3) model

A
  • archaean cell was anaerobic
  • bacterial ecosymbiont was aerobic
  • surface protrusions on archaea expanded over time
  • this led to enclosure of ectosymbiont by archaeal membrane fusion
  • escape of endosymbiont into cytosol and formation of new intracellular compartments
  • over time, this evolved into modern-day mitochondria
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3
Q

did prokaryotes or eukaryotes form first?

A

prokaryotes formed much earlier, and then eukaryotes

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4
Q

what is an alternative model for endosymbiosis?

A

some models involve a more predatory mea hanse where the aerobic bacterium is engulfed via a process similar to phagocytosis

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5
Q

common features of both types of endosymbiosis models

A
  • ancient anaerobic archaeal cell
  • ancient aerobic bacterium
  • over evolutionary time, a symbiotic relationship
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6
Q

Asgard cell

A
  • type of archaea belonging to the group Asgard
  • has a cell body and protrusions with ectosymbionts on their surface
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7
Q

describe and draw the sequence of the tree of life

A

ancestral prokaryote (3.5-3.8b years ago)
bacteria and archaea separated
1b years later, the first single-celled eukaryote was formed

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8
Q

lines of evidence to support endosymbiont hypothesis

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts still have remnants of their own genomes, which are circular. their genetic systems resemble that of modern-day prokaryotes
  2. mitochondria and chloroplasts have kept some of their own protein and DNA synthesis components and these resemble prokaryotes too. they have their own ribosomes and multiply by pinching in half — the same process used by bacteria. are also sensitive to similar antibiotics.
  3. membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts often similar to those in prokaryotes and appear to have been detached from engulfed bacterial ancestor.
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9
Q

general attributes of model organisms

A
  • rapid development with short life cycles
  • small adult (reproductive) size
  • readily available (collections or wide-spread)
  • tractability - ease of manipulation or modification
  • understandable genetics
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10
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA -(transcription)-> RNA -(translation)-> protein

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11
Q

tRNA

A
  • transports amino acids
  • protein synthesis
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12
Q

rRNA - ribosomal RNA

A
  • part of the ribosome
  • does catalytic work of making protein by creating peptide bonds
  • has a structural role as part of RNA
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13
Q

refined central dogma

A

not all RNA is translated into protein - it has many other uses

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14
Q

draw a diagram for the elaborated central dogma information flow

A
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15
Q

genome

A

cell’s complete set of DNA, including mitochondria and chloroplasts

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16
Q

transcriptome

A

all the RNA in a particular cell at a particular point in time

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17
Q

genome vs transcriptome/proteome

A

transcriptome/proteome are much more dynamic

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18
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins in a cell at a particular point in time

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19
Q

how are the proteome and transcriptome related?

A

the proteome feeds information into the transcriptome

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20
Q

interactome

A

set of all protein-protein interactions taking place in a cell at a single point in time

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21
Q

metabolome

A

full set of small molecules that can be found in a cell at a certain point in time (anything that is generally smaller than a protein, like ATP, sugars, vitamins, some hormones)

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22
Q

example of metabolome affecting transcription

A

lac operon

23
Q

phenome

A

comprised of everything (all the -omes), and together with the observable characteristics of what you’re looking at (cell, organ, etc)

24
Q

describe the directionality of transcription and translation

A
  • DNA, RNA, and proteins are synthesised as linear chains of information with a definite polarity
  • info in RNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence via a genetic code which is essentially universal among all species
25
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

an organism’s blueprints - the genetic material in a cell
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA: ribonucleic acid

26
Q

three parts of a nucleotide

A
  1. pentose sugar - scaffold for base
  2. nitrogenous base
  3. phosphate group - backbone. There may be 1 (mono), 2 (di), or 3 (tri) phosphate groups
27
Q

pyrimidines

A

UC The pyramids?
- single ring
- uracil
- cytosine
- thymine

28
Q

purines

A

pure Animals Gobble
- double ring
- adenine
- guanine

29
Q

where is the base attached?

A

1’

30
Q

distinguish between ribose and deoxyribose in terms of functional groups

A

2’ carbon in ribose has a hydroxyl group - in deoxyribose it just has a hydrogen

31
Q

nucleoside monophosphate

A
32
Q

nucleoside vs nucleotide

A

nucleoside = base + sugar
nucleotide = base + sugar + phosphate

33
Q

adenosine

A

sugar + adenine

34
Q

guanosine

A

sugar + guanine

35
Q

cytidine

A

sugar + cytosine

36
Q

uridine

A

sugar + uracil

37
Q

thymidine

A

sugar + thymine

38
Q

nucleoside monophosphate

A

sugar + base + 1P

39
Q

nucleoside diphosphate

A

sugar + base + 2P

40
Q

nucleoside triphosphate

A

sugar + base + 3P

41
Q

dNTPs

A

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates
- DNA is synthesised from them
- N stands for A, C, T, G

42
Q

NTPs

A
  • N stands for A, C, U, G
  • ribonucleoside triphosphates
  • RNA is synthesised from them
43
Q

nucleotides are linked by

A

phosphodiester bonds

44
Q

overall charge on nucleic acids

A

negative all the way along

45
Q

interactions between individual molecules are usually mediated by

A

noncovalent attractions:
1. electrostatic attractions (happen within and between large molecules) - weakened by water
2. hydrogen bonds - strongest in a straight line
3. van der Waals attractions - two atoms very close together, causing temporary dipole due to uneven distribution of electrons. not weakened by water
4. hydrophobic force - water pushing non-polar things away from itself. individually weak, but add up.

individually, very weak forces - BUT can sum to generate strong binding between molecules

46
Q

Cell theory

A
  • the cell is the basic organisational unit of life
  • all organisms are comprised of 1 or more cells
  • cells arise from pre-existing cells: the ability to reproduce is characteristic of living matter, which must be able to duplicate DNA, create proteins, etc
47
Q

two main types of cell

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

48
Q

prokaryotic

A
  • no nuclei
  • single celled (but communities may exist)
  • bacteria and archaea (domains)
49
Q

eukaryotic

A
  • nuclei with membrane
  • single-celled (eg algae) or multicellular
  • plants, fungi, animals, humans, protozoans
50
Q

describe and draw a prokaryotic cell

A
  • no membrane-bound organelles; localised DNA may be in nucleoid or not localised at all
  • smaller size than eukaryotes (~1micrometer)
  • less DNA than eukaryotes
51
Q

draw and describe a eukaryotic cell (plant)

A
  • nucleus
  • several membrane-bound organelles
  • larger size and more complex (~5micrometers)
52
Q

draw and label a eukaryotic cell (animals)

A
53
Q

describe cytoskeletons in eukaryotic cells

A
  • simple diffusion is not enough to guide transport
  • cytoskeleton includes microtubules and actin filaments

BIO130 (3 decks)

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