Week 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 subdivisions of the NS?
PNS (nerves and ganglia) and CNS (brain and spinal cord)
Which subdivision is enclosed in the bone?
CNS
How is the CNS organized ?
It includes the brain and the spina cord
What is included in the brain?
-Cerebrum
-Brainstem
-Cerebellum
What is a nerve?
Bundle of nerve fibers in connective tissue
What is a ganglion?
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies found outside the CNS
What is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies called in the CNS?
Nucleus
Hindbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Forebrain
Diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)
Cerebrum (basal ganglia and cerebral cortex)
Telencephalon
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
What are the functional divisions of the PNS?
Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) divisions
Motor/ efferent
Signal from CNS to periphery
Sensory / afferent
Signal from the periphery to the CNS
What are the sensory divisions in charge of?
They are receptors signals to CNS (arriving to CNS)
-Visceral sensory (organs)
-Somatic sensory (skin)
Visceral
To/from the internal structures of the body
Visceral motor
Autonomic Nervous System includes:
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions
Somatic
To the skeletal muscles (somatic motor) or from the skin (somatic sensory)
What are the motor divisions in charge of?
CNS signals to effectors (organs that carry out responses) (exit CNS)
-Visceral motor (ANS): includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (effectors: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands)
-Somatic motor: effectors are skeletal muscle
Which is known as the fight or flight system?
Sympathetic division of the visceral motor division
Which is known as the rest and relax system?
Parasympathetic division of the visceral motor division
What is gray matter?
Area of CNS that contain primarily cell bodies and dendrites
Nuclei
Collection of cell bodies with similar functions in CNS
Ganglia
Collection of cell bodies with similar functions in PNS
Cerebral cortex
Surface layer of gray matter of the forebrain (telencephalon)
What are the 5 anatomical regions of the cerebral cortex?
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Insula
What is the lobe buried behind the lateral sulcus, controlling emotional aspects of pain?
The Insula
What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
Primary and association areas
They are named for the type of information they send or receive (visual or somatosensory)
What are the primary areas of the the brain?
First part of cerebral cortex to receive sensory information and/or the part that sends the motor signal out of the cerebral cortex
first to receive sensory info or output site for motor info
What are the association areas of the brain?
Where integration of sensory and motor information occurs
-75% of cerebral cortex
-COGNITION (blindfold example)
perform integration of multiple modalities and inputs; occupy majority of cortex
What does cognition refer to?
Mental processes such as awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge and memory
Spinal white matter
White columns
-bundles of myelinated axons that carry signals
-some ascending others descending
Fasciculus
Funiculus (Ant, Lat, Post)
Fasciculus (bundle or cluster)
fasciculus gracilis and cuneate of posterior funiculus
Funiculus (cord like)
columns of spinal cord - ant, lat. and post. funiculus
Lemniscus (ribbon or band)
pathways in the brainstem - medial and lateral lemniscus
Peduncle (stalk like)
connections of cerebellum to brainstem
Tract (trail)
descending and ascending tracts of spinal cord
Commissure
site where fibers move to contralateral side (transverse connections)
Projection fibers
connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
Afferent fibers
input to cortex (usually sensory info)
Efferent fibers
output from cortex (usually motor info)
Association fibers
connections within the cortex
What does axonal transport refer to?
Housekeeping - Slow movement going back and forth
Proteins made in soma that must be transported to axon and axon terminal
Some wastes in axon terminal are recycled to soma
Anterograde axonal transport
Movement from soma toward axon terminal
-repair axolemma, gated ion channel proteins, enzymes, neurotransmitters
Retrograde axonal transport
Movement from axon terminal toward soma
-recycled materials, waste products
Cranial nerves
Can be purely sensory, purely motor, or mixed
Spinal nerves
All spinal nerves are mixed (carry both sensory and motor information)
