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Biology 103 1 sem > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of living organisms (7)

A
  1. Order - all living organisms are composed of cells
  2. Evolutionary adaptation
  3. Response to environment - sense their environment and respond to environmental signals
  4. Regulation - homeostasis
  5. E processing - absorb E from their environment
  6. Growth & development
  7. Reproduction (using DNA)
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2
Q
  1. All living organisms are made of cells
A
  • unicellular (ex: amoeba)
  • multicellular
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3
Q
  1. Living organisms reproduce using DNA
A

genetic material - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - transferred from parents to offspring

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4
Q
  1. Living organisms absorb energy from their
    environment
A
  1. Plants - autotrophs, preform photosynthesis - convert sunlight to chemical E (sugars)
  2. Animals - heterotrophs, do not perform photosynthesis, use E from their food
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5
Q
  1. Regulation of their systems
A

Homeostasis: maintenance of constant internal conditions

ex1) thermoregulation - maintenance of constant body T regardless external factors

ex2) maintenance of constant osmotic P (Paramecium)

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6
Q
  1. Evolutional adaptation (what is evolution and an ex)
A

Evolution: changes in organisms over successive generations (over time)

ex: development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Biological Organization

A

Molecules (DNA, proteins) <=> Cells (many diff cell types in multicellular organism) <=> Tissues (made up by diff types of cells) <=> Organs (made up by diff types of tissues) <=> Organ system (made up by diff types of organs) <=> Organism (individual form of life)

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8
Q

Ecosystem Dynamics

A

includes 2 major processes
- cycling of nutrients (materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil);
- energy flow (sunlight → producers → consumers)

producers: organisms that convert light E to chem E

consumers: feed on producers or other consumers

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9
Q

Energy flows through an ecosystem:

A

Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat;
ex:
- producers: heat => photosynthesis => glu + heat
- consumers: glu => ATP => heat

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10
Q

The Cell (definition)

A
  • the basic structural and functional unit of every organism; the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life
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11
Q

Genetic material: The Cell’s Heritable Information

A
  • Cells contain chromosomes which partly consist of DNA
  • Each chromosome contains thousands of genes (1000-1100 per cell)
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12
Q

Genes (function)

A
  • direct the production of proteins (gene expression)
  • transmit information from parents to offspring
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13
Q

Genome

A

The entire set of genetic information in a cell

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14
Q

Cell types: Two Main Forms of Cells

A

All cells: enclosed by a membrane, use DNA as genetic information

Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea domains, unicellular

Eukaryotic: Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
kingdoms

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15
Q

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: contain nucleus with DNA and nucleolus (r-RNA) and are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus (instead - nucleiod w/ single chromosome) and membrane-enclosed organelles

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16
Q

Classifying living organisms

A

Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain

17
Q

Classifying human organism:

A

Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Prmates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens

18
Q

Organism nomenclature: Binomial nomenclature

A
  • established by Carolus Linnaeus
  • spp organism name = Genus + characteristic property
19
Q

The Three Domains of Life

A

At the highest level, life is classified into three
domains:
– Bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes)
– Archaea (unicellular prokaryotes)
– Eukarya - divided into kingdoms, uni- and multicellular eukaryotes

20
Q

4 kingdoms of domain Eukarya:

A
  1. Protists: mostly unicellular eykaryotes (include Protozoa and Algae)
  2. Fungi: unicellular (e.g. yeasts) or multicellular (e.g. mushrooms) eukaryotes
  3. Plants: multicellular eukaryotes
  4. Animals: multicellular eukaryotes
21
Q

Evolution by Charles Darvin

A

the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

(c) Charles Darvin, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection

22
Q

The Origin of Species: 2 main points

A
  1. Descent with modification
    • Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors
    • Modifications happened along the way
  2. Natural selection
    • Individuals who are better fit will survive and reproduce
    • A population will have an increasing proportion of individuals with “better” traits
23
Q

Natural selection as the mechanism f/ evolutionary adaptation:

A

Population of organisms => Hereditary variations + Overproduction & struggle f/ existence => Diff in reproductive success => Evolution of adaptations in the population

24
Q

Natural selection (definition + ex)

A

evolutionary process that occurs when a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others

ex: light and dark beetles on the black background

25
Q

Inquiry

A

a search for information and explanations, often focusing on specific questions

26
Q

Scientific hypothesis and 2 impt qualities

A

– It must be testable
– It must be falsifiable

27
Q

Scientific method:

A

Observations of nature => Hypothesis => Prediction => Test =>
=> If Support hypothesis, then => Test again
=> If Reject hypothesis, then => new or revised hypothesis

28
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

The logic flows from the general to the specific

29
Q

Designing controlled experiments

A

Experiments must be designed to test the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables

30
Q

Scientific theory:

A

– broad in scope
– generates new hypotheses
– is supported by a large body of evidence

31
Q

Limitations of science:

A

Science cannot address supernatural phenomena, b/c hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and experimental results must be repeatable

32
Q

Characteristics of Hypotheses (5)

A

• Hypotheses are possible explanations
• Hypotheses reflect past experience
• Multiple hypotheses should be proposed whenever possible
• Hypotheses must be testable
• Hypotheses can be eliminated but not confirmed with absolute certainty

33
Q

Variables -

A

anything that is expected to change during the experiment

34
Q

Independent variables -

A

conditions that the investigator deliberately changes => WHAT WE CHANGE

35
Q

Dependent variables:

A

the conditions that the investigator measures during the experiment. They are dependent on the independent variables => WHAT WE OBSERVE/MEASURE

36
Q

Standardized (controlled) variables -

A

conditions that the investigator keeps the same => WHAT WE KEEP THE SAME

variables that the investigator keeps constant in order to eliminate the effect of anything else that might influence the dependent variable
=> Any changes in the dependent variables may be attributed to the changes the investigator made to the independent variable

37
Q

Control treatments -

A

independent variable is constant or eliminated

38
Q

Replication in experiment-

A

repetition of the experiment several times (usually at least three times)

Biology 103 1 sem (8 decks)

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