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245 - Cardiorespiratory and Complex Conditions > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why monitoring of vital signs is important

A
  1. Detection/monitoring of medical issues - OTA/PTAs must monitor vital signs before, during, after mobilization
  2. Contra-indications to activity or exercise – review chart, recognize and act accordingly to changes during session
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1
Q

Heart Rate

Abbreviation?
What is it?
Expressed?
Normal range?
What affects it?

A

HR

The number of times the heart beats each minute

Expressed in beats per minute (bpm)

Normal range at rest for 1) Adults: 60-100 2) Children: 80-200 (since heart is not as developed, elastic can’t stretch as far so requires more frequent smaller pumps to pump blood through body)

Body positioning, medications, caffeine affect HR

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2
Q

What are the 3 ways of measuring HR?

A
  1. Radial check – index and third finger on radial bone
  2. Pulse oximeter – probe placed on patient’s finger to check oxygen levels and HR
  3. Telemetry – measures heart activity continuously over prolonged period of time
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3
Q

Bradycardia

A

: SLOW HR of less than 50 BPM (at rest)

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4
Q

Tachycardia

A

VERY FAST HR of more than 100 BPM (at rest)

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5
Q

Arrythmia

A

IRREGULAR heart beats

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5
Q

Systolic

A

Heart contracting

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6
Q

Diastolic

A

Heart at rest

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7
Q

Blood Pressure:

Abbreviation?
What is it?
Expressed?
How is it presented?
How is it measured?

A

BP

Indicator of the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls

Expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Recorded with systolic # first/on top, diastolic #last/on bottom

1) Measured manually – sphygmomanometer
2) Measured automatically - Automated blood pressure monitors

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8
Q

Normal BP (healthy adult)

A

120/80

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9
Q

Prehypertension levels

A

120 – 139

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10
Q

Hypertension (HTN) Stage 1

A

140 -159

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11
Q

Hypertension (HTN) Stage 2

A

160 or higher

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12
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

Higher than 180

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13
Q

Hypotension

Symptoms?

A

Low blood pressure

(isn’t serious unless pt is experiencing symptoms)
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Lightheaded
- Nausea

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14
Q

What are 2 important reasons for monitoring BP?

A
  1. Silent killer (often asymptomatic)
  2. Contraindication to exercise (BP may change while exercising should check before AND after)
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15
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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16
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure

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17
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Low blood pressure which suddenly occurs when standing from a siting/supine position

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18
Q

Peripheral Oxygen Saturation

Abbreviation?
What is it?
Expressed?

A

SpO2

Noninvasive and measures the saturation of oxygen carried in RBC with pulse oximeter

expressed in %, 1st #: oxygen saturation, 2nd #: Heart rate

If finger reading is not working, probe can be placed on toe or ear

Finger needs to be warm, no nail polish, pulse oximeter adequate battery life

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19
Q

Normal SpO2

A

95% - 100%

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20
Q

Normal SpO2 in people with COPD

A

88% to 92%

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21
Q

Hypoxic/Yellow flag

A

proceed with caution

85% to 94%

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22
Q

Severely Hypoxic/Red flag

A

stop intervention

85% or lower

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23
Q

Respiratory Rate

Abbreviation?
Expressed?
Normal limits?

A

RR

Expressed in breaths per minute (bpm)

Normal (healthy adult): 12 to 20

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24
Q

Function of heart

A

pump the blood, rich in oxygen and nutrients, through the blood vessels to the different parts of the body and then picks up metabolic waste to be expelled

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25
Q

Atria vs Ventricles

A

Atria = receives blood

Ventricles = pump blood

26
Q

Arteries vs Veins

A

Arteries = carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Veins = recover deoxygenated blood from the body

27
Q

Is heart disease more common in men or women?

A

Heart disease is more common in women than men, it’s the #1 killer of women 35+ years old accounting for more deaths every year than all cancers

28
Q

In which age group is heart attack rates increasing?

A

Women 20-55 is the only age group in which heart attack rates are increasing

29
Q

Angina

A

ANY SYMPTOM of a heart attack (ex: crushing chest pain, back pain, SOB)

30
Q

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD):

how does it develop?
symptoms?
what anatomy?

A

develops when the major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients become damaged or diseased

symptoms: angina, shortness of breath (SOB), heart attack

problems with ARTERIES specifically

higher risk of stroke if you have had a heart attack, vice versa

31
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI):

how does it develop?
symptoms?

A

occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing it from receiving enough oxygen

Usually, the result of a partial or complete blockage of your heart’s arteries (coronary arteries)

Symptoms: neck/jaw/arm pain, tachycardia, SOB, nausea/vomiting, Diaphoresis

32
Q

CABG

A

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (The surgeon attaches the ends of the graft below the blocked heart artery. This creates a new pathway for blood to flow around a blockage

33
Q

HEART FAILURE (HR)

how does it develop?
symptoms?

A

occurs when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should.

CAD or high blood pressure, can leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently

Symptoms: fatigue, SOB, edema (swelling, mostly in legs)

34
Q

ARRHYTHMIAS:

how does it develop?
symptoms?

A

occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate your heartbeats don’t work properly, causing your heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly.

symptoms: fluttering, tachycardia, chest pain, SOB, dizzy, fainting

35
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

36
Q

HTN

A

hypertension or high blood pressure

37
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

38
Q

Edema

A

swelling in the body due to increase of fluid

39
Q

HF

A

Heart failure

40
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

(athero meaning gruel/oatmeal or paste and sclerosis meaning hardening):

deposit of plaque on arterial walls

41
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

42
Q

Diaphoresis

A

sweating

43
Q

ANGIOGRAM

A

A special dye is injected into your blood vessel and an xray machine takes images of the inside of your vessels

44
Q

When to get a stent vs a bypass surgery

A

If necessary, surgeon will insert a stent into the blocked vessel to allow blood to flow through, if there are multiple blockages, bypass surgery may be done

45
Q

ECHOCARDIOGRAM

A

ultrasound of the heart

Evaluates the pumping action of the heart.

Often combined with color Doppler to evaluate blood flow across the heart’s valves.

46
Q

HOLTER

A

A wearable device to measures heart rate activity of a period of 24-72 hours

47
Q

EXERCISE STRESS TEST

A

measures blood flow to your heart at rest and while your heart is working harder as a result of exertion or medication.

uses an ECG to monitor your heart rate while you walk on a treadmill. The speed and incline gradually increase until you experience symptoms or you reach the target heart rate

48
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS may be prescribed to…

A
  • Promote healing
  • Cure disease
  • Control or slow progression of disease
  • Prevent disease
  • Decrease risk of complications
  • Increase comfort level
  • Reduce excessive activity in the body
  • Sedative
49
Q

How drugs affect the function of the heart:

A

1) Affect the force of contraction of the heart muscle
2) Affect the frequency of the heartbeat, or heart rate
3) Affect the regularity of the heartbeat

50
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

manages hypertension

Need to monitor blood pressure, HR, edema, dyspnea

Name ends in “pril” (i.e. ramipril)

Side effects: dizzy, weak, cough, hypotension

51
Q

BetaBlocker

A

manages tachycardia/AFib

“Blocks” elevation of HR

Name ends in “lol” (i.e. metoprolol)

Side effects: dizzy, tired, low blood sugar, headache

52
Q

Diuretics

A

manages hypertension and edema

Need to monitor blood pressure and HR

Side effects: dizzy, muscle cramps

53
Q

Vasodilators

A

– used to relieve angina

Need to monitor HR

Side effects: tachycardia, dizzy

54
Q

What do medications generally impact

A

Medications will impact BP and HR – important to take this into consideration

55
Q

The normal heart rate range and expression in correct units for a healthy adult is:

80-120 mm Hg

60-100 mm Hg

80-120 bpm

60-100 bpm

A

60-100 bpm

56
Q

Select the best answer. A pulse oximeter measures:

blood pressure

heart rate

oxygen saturation and heart rate

oxygen saturation

A

oxygen saturation and heart rate

57
Q

Hypotension is:

Low blood pressure when changing position

High blood pressure

High blood pressure when changing position

Low blood pressure

A

Low blood pressure

58
Q

Your blood pressure is recorded as two numbers. The first number indicates _______________ blood pressure, and the second number indicates ____________ blood pressure

systolic, diastolic

manual, automatic

primary, secondary

diastolic, systolic

A

systolic, diastolic

59
Q

It is important for rehabilitation assistants to recognize cardiac symptoms so that they can:

Diagnose some accurately

Always avoid exercising someone with symptoms

Educate patients

Monitor patients to determine treatment threshold

A

Diagnose some accurately

Always avoid exercising someone with symptoms

Educate patients

Monitor patients to determine treatment threshold

60
Q

The rehab assistant has been assigned to a cardiac patient and measured a resting heart rate of 140 bpm at rest. What should they do?

Provide no treatment until further information is received and contact the therapist.

Treat the patient and contact the therapist afterwards.

A

Provide no treatment until further information is received and contact the therapist.

61
Q

A blood pressure measurement of 110/80 mm Hg is considered within the normal range.

True
 	False
A

True

62
Q

What action would you take if during exercise your patient’s oxygen saturation levels decrease to 89%?

Continue exercise at the same level

Call for help immediately

Rest the patient for a few minutes, while monitoring the SpO2 levels

A

Rest the patient for a few minutes, while monitoring the SpO2 levels

63
Q

Match the vital signs with the correct definition (adult range).

95 to 100

120/80

140/100

12 to 20

  1. Normal oxygen saturation (%)
  2. High blood pressure (mm Hg)
  3. Normal respiratory rate (breaths per minute)
  4. Normal blood pressure (mm Hg)
A

__1__
95 to 100

\_\_4\_\_		 120/80

__2__
140/100

_3__
12 to 20

64
Q

You measure your patient’s oxygen saturation levels at rest by using the pulse oximeter. The pulse oximeter shows that your patient’s level of saturation is 98. Using proper abbreviations, how would you document your objective finding in your note?

SpO2 at rest = 98%

SaO2 at rest = 98%

A

SpO2 at rest = 98%

245 - Cardiorespiratory and Complex Conditions (7 decks)

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