Week 1 Flashcards
Weight gain during first trimester
Book: 2.2-4.4 lbs (1-2 kg)
ATI: 1- 4.4 lbs (0.45-2 kg)
Weight gain per week for 2nd and 3rd trimesters
1 lb (0.5 kg) per week
Recommendations for total weight gain: Normal BMI
25-35 lbs
Recommendations for total weight gain: Underweight clients
28-40 lbs
Recommendations for total weight gain: Overweight clients
15-25 lbs
Calories for pregnant women
2200 to 2900 calories a day
2nd trimester: increase 340 calories a day
3rd trimester: increase 452 calories a day
Protein intake
71 g/day
Essential to basic growth
Folic acid
Essential for fetal neurological development and neural tube defects
**Women of childbearing age: 400 mcg/day
**Pregnant women: 600 mcg/day
Folic acid
Essential for fetal neurological development and neural tube defects
**Women of childbearing age: 400 mcg/day
**Pregnant women: 600 mcg/day
Sources of foods high in folate
Leafy vegetables
Dried peas
Beans
Seeds
Orange juice
Iron
27 mg/day (times 2 for fetal development
Absorbed best between meals and when given with a source of vitamin C.
*milk and caffeine interfere with the absorption of iron supplements
Iron sources
Beef liver
Red meats
Fish
Poultry
Dried peas
Beans
Fortified cereals and breads
iron supplements may cause consipation
Calcium
For bone and teeth formation
1,000 mg/day
<19 y/o: 1,300 day
ex: milk, calcium soy milk, orange juice, nuts, legumes, and dark green veggies
Fluids
8-10 glasses (2-3L)
Limit caffeine: 200 mg/day
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
PKU levels should be monitored
-congenital condition that can affect the brain
-cause by built up of amino acids
Lactating mother
Continue a well balanced diet
Increase calories (450-500 extra calories per day)
Protein
Fluids
Sexual development: prenatal
Reproductive systems are similar for the first 6 weeks
Differentiation of the external genitalia is complete at about 12 weeks
Primary sex characteristics
Penis
Testes
Uterus
Ovaries
Secondary sex characteristics
Breasts
Widened hips
Facial hair
Adam’s apple
Primary amenorrhea
Failure to reach menarche (first period) writhing 2 years after breast development
Started after a year from mothers start age
No history of menstruation by the age of 15
Secondary amenorrhea
Going 6 months without menses, but has at least one previous menstrual cycle
miss 3 cycles but established for 6 months
Fundus
Where strong contractions come from
massage the fundus - always the answer
Boggy uterus
Enlarged, soft, and tender uterus
Can lead to bleeding = most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage
Can be due to full bladder
Firm = good
Where does fertilization occur?
Ampulla: the middle part of the fallopian tubes
Follicular phase
Maturation of ovarian follicle
Occurs before the release of an egg
proliferative phase - occurs when ovum matures
Ovulatory phase
Egg is release and moved into fallopian tubes
Starts around day 14 in a 28 day cycle
secretory phase: prepares to receive fertilized ovum
Luteal phase
Occurs right after ovulation
Progesterone levels increase, thickening the lining of the uterus
Corpus luteum excretes estrogen progesterone making the making uterus a healthy environment for fetus
menstrual phase occurs if no fertilization
Prolactin
Stimulates breasts for milk development
Secreted by the anterior pituitary
active milk production occurs in response to the infants suckling
Quickening
Means when mother can feel fetal movement
Starts at 17-20 weeks
- some mothers can feel sooner
Can hear heartbeat on Doppler
Weeks 9-12
Placenta
Monozygotic
Single ovum and sperm
Share membranes and placenta
Known as identical twins
Dizygotic
Two ovaries that are fertilized by different sperm
Membranes and sacs are separate
Trisomy
1 extra chromosome - 47 total
Common example: Down syndrome
Monosomy
Missing chromosome
Most often incompatible with life
Polyploidy
Embryo has one or more extra sets of chromosomes- 69 or 92
Usually results in early spontaneous abortion
Common fetal defects
Spinal bífida
Encephalopathy
- 400 mcg of folic acid daily before conception
Women who are carriers of x-linked disorders
Affects males
Example: color blindness, hemophilia (blood does not clot properly, so a simple cut could be a problem)
