Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

exposure

A

(risk factor or determinant)
any factor that may influence the outcome

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2
Q

outcome

A

the disease, or event, or health related state under study

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3
Q

define epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution/frequency of health related states and determinants in a population

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4
Q

assumptions in epidemiology

A

disease does not occur at random
disease has casual and preventative factors

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5
Q

role of epidemiology

A

to describe patterns of health and disease within populations
to interpret these differences
to apply results to public health practice
to evaluate effect of health-related interventions

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6
Q

observational epidemiology

A

describes patterns of health and disease without intervening to change the factors which influence them

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7
Q

what do descriptive studies measure

A

burden of illness

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8
Q

examples of descriptive studies

A
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9
Q

analytical study

A

can investigate risk factors for a disease or outcome (does not necessarily mean they are casual)

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10
Q

interventional epidemiology

A

assess effect of a specific intervention
individual level or community

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11
Q

case definition

A

method used to identify a case
boundaries of cases
unit analysis

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12
Q

prevalence

A

number of existing cases in a population at a designated time
the number of affected persons present in the population divided by the number of people in the population

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13
Q

prevalence calculation

A

no. of cases (people with disease)/
no. of people in the population

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14
Q

point prevalence

A

the proportion of persons in a defined population that has the outcome under study at a specific point in time

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15
Q

period prevalence

A

the proportion of persons in a defined population that has the outcome under study over a period of time

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16
Q

when would you use period prevalence

A

measuring episodic conditions

17
Q

what is prevalence useful for

A

useful for assessing the burden of disease within a population
valuable for planning

18
Q

what is prevalence not useful for

A

determining what causes disease

19
Q

2 measures of incidence

A

risk and rate

20
Q

incidence risk

A

number of new cases in interval over the population initially at risk (mortality rates)

21
Q

incidence rate

A

number of new cases/ total person-time at risk

22
Q

when to use incidence risk

A

good for static populations

23
Q

when to use incidence rate

A

dynamic populations

24
Q

annual incidence

A

count deaths over calendar year (from routine data)
- use mid-year population as denominator
- expressed as cases per ….

25
Q

cumulative incidence

A

frequency of new cases over a specified period
denominator is no. of people at the start of the period
(events divided by initial population)

26
Q

potential problems with cumulative incidence

A

loss to follow up

27
Q

person years at risk

A

say there was 500 women being followed up over 2 years
500 for year 1
and say 300 died so for year 2 there was only 200 left
200 for year 2
total= 700
allows for loss to follow up

28
Q

what does annual incidence tell us

A

number of new cases over defined period
sensitive to changes in disease risk
more suitable for monitoring trends
less suitable for assessing burden of disease

29
Q

incidence vs prevalence

A

number of new cases vs number of existing cases

30
Q

age specific death rate

A

no. of people (in age group)

31
Q

prevalence in relation to incidence

A

prevalence = incidence x average disease duration
P= I x D

32
Q
A