Week 1 Flashcards
how does studying developmental psychology help?
helps parents raise their children, influences social policies, law, health care, helps understand human nature
Which philosopher says that children have innate knowledge
Plato
which philosopher says that all knowledge comes from experience
Aristotle
which philosopher talks about the “tabula rosa” and that parents should mold children with setting good examples
john locke
which philosopher talks about the interactions of the world with children and that there should be no formal education until 12
rosseau
is plato nature or nurture
nature
is aristotle nature or nurture
nurture
is locke nnature or nurture
nurture
is rousseau nature or nurture
nature
what is one of the early research of developmental psychology
industrial revolution, working conditions for children
what was one of the first methods to study children
“Baby biography” by Charles Darwin
nature and nurture working together?
epigenetics
explain the roman adoption study
in the 1980s-90s, had minimal contact with their caregivers and laid on their backs. physically underdeveloped. shows impact of early years of development. weight stayed the same in comparison to other countries
explain unresponsive care
severe neglect in family, orphanages, under stimulation
how does attention from a parent influence a child’s learning
parents talking to children, children recognizing a parents face, and infants smiling at parents
piaget water conservation task
when 4-5 yo think that water in a taller glass is more than a wider glass, 6-8 yo understand that they are the same. - CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THINKING
explain some biological mechanisms
brain maturation, hormones, epigenetics
behavioural mechanisms:?
learning from environment, rewards and punishments (classical conditioning),
social mechanisms
imitating and learning from others
cognitive mechanisms
gaining knowledge, executive functioning
co sleeping in individualist vs collectivist cultures?
western cultures, individualist and less common, asian, African cultures it is more common - shows development through cultural context
what are the 4 factors of individual differences (GTPReE)
genetic, treatment by parents, reactions of experiences, environment
Research in developmental psychology (IPE)
intervention programs (turtle), policy programs (eye witness), Educational interventions
interrater reliability
all raters agree - consistency
test-retest reliability
same results one week later
explain the WEIRD acronym
Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic - can lead to a lack of diversity in reserach
pros of interviews/questionnares?
lots of info quickly, Can observe everyday events that can’t easily be reported on, objective
cons of interviews/questionares
biases, snapshot in time
cross-sectional study
one age group vs. another - Can’t tell relationships over time
longitudinal
stability and change within people across time
micro-genetic
measures over short period of time
The single cell that forms when two gametes merge during conception is called the
a. zygote.
b. ova.
c. sperm.
d. embryo.
zygote
Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as ___. Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly ___ twins.
dizygotic, monozygotic
The disproportionately large head of a 5-month-old fetus is a typical
result of the normal process of
a. cephalocaudal development.
b. proximal–distal development.
c. lateral development.
d. bottom-up developmen
a
Which of the following senses is the least active while the fetus is in
the womb?
a. Hearing
b. Smell
c. Taste
d. Sight
d
Logan’s dad is thrilled as Logan laughs each time he shows him a new toy: a monkey that squeaks when he pushes on its belly. After
repeated exposure to the squeaking monkey, Logan becomes bored and no longer laughs. This process is known as
a. habituation.
b. dishabituation.
c. classical conditioning.
d. operant conditioning
a
The DeCasper and Spence study, in which pregnant women read aloud twice a day from the same book during their last 6 weeks of pregnancy, was designed to assess
a. fetal attention.
b. fetal learning.
c. infant attention.
d. infant learning.
b
Which of the following does not influence the severity of the effect of a teratogen on a developing fetus?
a. Timing of exposure
b. Quantity of exposure
c. Duration of exposure
d. Number of previous pregnancies of the mother
d
Which is not a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?
a. Facial deformities
b. Intellectual disability
c. Underactivity
d. Attention problems
c
Studies suggest that the squeezing that a fetus experiences during delivery serves several important functions. Which of the following
is not one of them?
a. It temporarily reduces the size of the infant’s head, allowing it to
pass safely through the pelvic bones.
b. It squeezes fluid from the ear canals, allowing the baby to hear.
c. It stimulates the production of hormones that help the fetus withstand mild oxygen deprivation.
d. It forces amniotic fluid out of the lungs, in preparation for the baby’s first breaths.
b
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep?
a. Irregular heart rate
b. Irregular breathing
c. Quick, jerky eye movements
d. Slow brain waves
d
Which of the following describes an infant who is most likely suffering from colic?
a. Vivian cries for several hours a day for unexplained reasons.
b. Jeremy cries loudly when he is hungry.
c. LaTosha cries when she is placed in her crib.
d. Emelie rarely cries
a
What intervention program, involving direct skin-to-skin contact, are parents of low-birth-weight infants encouraged to use to support
the result might be?
a. Swaddling care
b. Massage care
c. Kangaroo care
d. Pouch care
c
What does the multiple-risk model suggest about negative developmental outcomes?
a. Each risk factor will produce a unique negative outcome.
b. The presence of one risk factor increases the likelihood that another risk factor will emerge in the future.
c. The more risk factors that are present, the more likely and worse the potential outcomes will be.
d. The presence of more risk factors increases the likelihood that a child will develop resilience
c
genetic material an individual inherits
genotype
Marcus has red hair, green eyes, and freckles. He is very active but shy. These characteristics are a reflection of Marcus’s
a. dominant genes.
b. recessive genes.
c. genotype.
d. phenotype
phenotypes
An individual’s genetic sex is determined by
a. whether the mother has a Y chromosome.
b. the random interaction of the sex chromosomes of the mother and
father.
c. the sex chromosomes contributed by the mother.
d. the sex chromosomes contributed by the father
d
The continual switching on or off of specific genes at specific times
throughout development is the result of a chain of genetic events
primarily controlled by
a. alleles.
b. regulator genes.
c. glial cells.
d. synaptogenesis.
b
Traits such as aggression and shyness are the result of the contributions of a complex combination of genes. These traits are
examples of which process?
a. Polygenetic inheritance
b. Experience-expectant plasticity
c. Mendelian inheritance
d. Experience-dependent plasticity
a
A twin-study design project reveals that the correlation between identical (MZ) twins on a given trait is substantially higher than that
between fraternal (DZ) twins. Which of the following statements offers the most plausible explanation for the difference in how this
trait is correlated in MZ twins compared with DZ twins?
a. Environmental factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.
b. Genetic factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.
c. Environmental and genetic factors are equally responsible for the difference in correlation.
d. No assumption can be made as to the contributions of environmental or genetic factors for the difference.
b
Which of the following responses would be consistent with the statement “High heritability does not imply immutability”?
a. The concept of inheritance plays a very small role in dictating an individual’s phenotype.
b. Highly heritable traits affect all individuals in the same way.
c. Intervention efforts can successfully influence the course of development related to an inherited trait.
d. There is little point in trying to improve the course of development related to an inherited trait.
c
The points at which neurons communicate with one another are called
a. synapses.
b. glial cells.
c. dendrites.
d. myelin sheaths
a
