Week 1 Flashcards
Markedness
Marked sounds are the later developing sounds. More complex sounds
Naturalness
earlier sounds that are easier to produce.
How do SLP’s apply markedness and naturalness to clinical practice?
Can target the harder sounds first so they can develop the early sounds.
Suitable for older kids.
Coarticulation
Influence sounds have on one another when linked together to make words, phrases, and sentences.
Doesn’t affect the meaning.
Doesn’t create a perceptual change.
Assimilation
When a consonant starts to sound like another consonant in the word.
DOES create a perceptual change.
Phonotactics:
ways in which phonemes are allowed to combine in a particular language.
Morphophonemics
phonological variations within morphemes.
e.g. vowel changes in sleep and slept. consonant changes in knife and knives, loaf and loaves.
Segmentals
vowels and consonants
Suprasegmentals
intonation and stress
Problem with motor planning =
Apraxia
Problem with motor execution =
Dysarthria
Speech Motor Planning
-Each speech sound has a core motor plan containing a number of motor goals.
-Structure Specific
Spatial: place, manner, articulation.
Temporal: time
Speech Motor Programming
Muscle-specific
Muscle tone, movement, velocity, force and range.
Motor Execution
plans and programs are transformed into actual movements
Notation Symbols (x and y)
X = target sounds
Y = actual production
SSD Definition
Any combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, and/or phonological representation of speech sounds and speech segments
2 types of SSD
Functional and Organic
Functional:
No known cause.
Articulation
Phonology
Organic:
Developmental or acquired
Motor/neurological
Structural
Sensory/Perceptual
Words Medial Cluster:
the cluster of consonants in the middle position
2 types of medial consonant clusters
Intra-syllabic
Inter-syllabic
Intra-syllabic cluster
the sequences of consonants in the word medial position below to the same syllable.
e.g. re-ply
Inter-syllabic cluster
the consonants belonging to different syllables occurs together.
e.g. movement /vm/
description /skr/
Stage 1 of Phonologic Development
Prelinguistic (0-1yo)
Piaget: sensori-motor period
Linguistic: communicaiton through gestures and crying
Phonological: prelinguistic vocalization (cooing, vocal play, babbling, jargon)
Stage 2 of Phonological Development
First Words (1-1:6)
Simple syllable structures
Stage 3 of Phonological Development
Phonemic development (1:6-4:0)
Piaget: pre operational period, symbolic play
Linguistic: telegraphic (use words in combination. Between 3-4 simple sentences to short narrative
Phonological Stage: expand phonetic inventory. use of phonological processes
Purpose of phonological processes
Ease production and learning.
Use milestones to determin if theyre age appropriate
4 types of artic errors: SODA
Stage 4 of Phonological Development
Stabilization of Phonological System (4-8)
Piaget: early concrete operational period. child replies on immediate perception to solve tasks.
Linguistic: early complex sentences to compound-complex
Phonological stage: completion of phonetic inventory. good production, begin to read and write.
Stage 5 of Phonological Development
Morphophonemic Development (7-12)
Piaget: concrete operational stage. more logical and concrete about things.
Linguistic: develop metalinguistic stage. increase sentence complexity. MLU NOT VALID
Phonological stage: morphophonological alterations are learned (electric to electricity)
Stage 6 of Phonological Development
Spelling (12-16)
reading and writing
different types of discourse
complex sentence structure
Examples of Organic SSD
CAS
Dysarthria
Hearing Disorder
Tongue tie
Tongue Thrust
Examples of Functional SSD
Articulation disorder: errors (distortions and substitutions)
Phonological disorder: fronting, stopping, final consonant deletion, etc.)
Frontal Lisp:
Tongue between teeth with /s/.
Okay depending on age.
Easy fix
Articulation Disorder
Lateral Lisp
Slushy sound. blow out with /l/
Significant issue and takes longer.
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder (OMD)
Abnormal lip, jaw, or tongue position during rest, swallowing, or speech.
Interfere with how muscles of face are used for talking, eating and breathing
Articulation Disorder
Substitution or distortions of the same sounds in isolation and in all phonetic contexts.
12% of indiv. with SSD
NO PATTERNS
Phonological Delay/Disorder
Presence of speech error patterns that are typical for younger children.
55% of indiv. with SSD
Consistent Atypical Phonological Disorder
One or more unusual developmental patterns.
Deficit in phonological representation and internal organization.
20% of SSD
Poor on tasks of phonological awareness
Inconsistent Phonological Disorder
Unpredictable variation.
Deficit in phonological planning.
IMITATION>SPONTANEOUS
No oromotor difficulties
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Inconsistent errors in repeated production.
Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions.
Inappropriste prosody.
SPONTANEOUS>IMITATION
May involve multiple deficits.
Oromotor difficulties.
