Exam 2 Flashcards
Types of Communication
Linguistic: speak, listen, read, write, sign
Metalinguistic: ability to talk about, think, judge, analyze language and see it as an entity separate from its content.
Paralinguistic/Suprasegmental: intonation, stress, rate of speech, pause.
Nonlinguistic: Gestures, posture, facial expressions, eye contact, body movement
Components of Language Formation
1: Form - smallest contrastive unit of the sounds system, smallest grammatical unit in language that carries word meaning, and word order
2: Content - words, categories/word classes
3: Use - purposes, communication partner, context
4: Effort: resources a child brings to language
5: Engagement: child’s social and emotional development
Interconnections of the Language Components
The components may influence one another.
Changing one may modify development of another.
Language is heavily influenced by context.
Communication intention is the precursor for language development.
Intentionality is a cornerstone for ToM.
Semantics
Meaning of the word and word knowledge.
WFD is found in children with DLD: weak connections, slow fast mapping, requires extended slow mapping.
Morphology
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of grammar.
Free morphemes and bound morphemes
Syntax
Structure of the sentence
Each sentence must contain a noun phrase and a verb phrase.
Types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex.
Functions: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative
Clauses
Group of words that expresses a subject.
Subject is the topic of the sentence.
Clauses can be independent or dependent.
Dependent Clauses
1: Adverbial Clauses: describes a verb
2: Relative/Adjective Clauses: describe a noun
3: Nominal Clauses: Names a person place or thing
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Definition
A developmental language disorder.
A significant deficit in spoken language NOT due to neurological damage, hearing impairment, or intellectual disability.
Inability to master spoken and written language expression and comprehension.
Developmental Language Disorder
A neurodevelopmental disorder emerging in early childhood and often persists into adulthood.
Impairs learning, expression, and comprehension of spoken and written language in people of all ages.
Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language.
Language problems unlikely to resolve by 5 years old.
Weakness in cognitive functions: limited processing capacity, WM, selective attention, executive functioning.
NOT a result of intellectual disability, hearing impairment, autism, or any other diagnosis.
Symptoms of DLD
Form: deficits in grammar and difficulty forming questions
Content: slow in learning new words and need more exposure.
Use: immature rather than quantitatively abnormal in pragmatic skills like ASD.
Co-occuring Symptoms of DLD
Behavior problems
Motor/coordination deficits
Literacy difficulty
Struggle with social communication
Older children: mental health issues.
Etiology of DLD
Biological: genetic factors (highly heritable), neurobiological factors (subtle but significant difference in inferior frontal, temporal.
Environmental: quality and quantity of mother’s interaction
Etiology of DLD - Cognitive Factors
1: limited processing capacity - poor WM, non-word repetition task to assess phonological WM, speech perception phonological assembly and short-term memory.
2: Procedural Deficits
3: Auditory Processing: fast pace, difficulty with phonemic contrasts and categorization
Working Memory
Store limited information (3-5 items) for a restricted period of time (10-20 minutes)
Temporary mental work space
Can become long term through processes of consolidation
Late Talker vs. Language Disorder
Children aged 2 are at an increase risk of long term language concerns if: fewer than 50 words, no 2 word utterances.
Other risk factors: minimal gestures, poor eye contact, minimal smiling, reduced joint attention, lack of symbolic play.
Delay at 2 is a significant risk factor for delay at 4
Screening
Does not result in diagnosis
Identify children at risk for DLD
Mulit-tiered systems of support/Response to intervention
Recommendations for a complete assessment in the suspected area.
Standardized Tests for 5 and Younger
Comprehensive tests cover preschool age range: PLS-5, TOLD-P:5
Domain Specific: SPELT-P2, Vocab tests
Tests for young and low functioning children: REEL-4, TELD-4, MB-CDIs, FCP-R
Communication Challenges in Toddlers with Developmental Delays
Impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas.
Determine when there is a significant different for child’s age and his/her current level of functioning.
Delay found in gesture use, speech, language and other areas.
Persistent and chronic speech and language delay that does not resolve before 5
Intellectual Disability Definition
Characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.
Originates before the age of 18
Intellectual Functioning: refers to mental capacity such as learning, reasoning, problem solving and so on
Adaptive Behavior: Conceptual skills (language, literacy, money, time, and number concepts), Social skills (interpersonal skills, self-esteem, social problem solving, follow rules), Practical Skills (ADL, occupational skills, safety, self-management)
