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Physiology Year 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we get our energy from?

A

Food - carbohydrates (CHO), fats and proteins

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2
Q

What do we turn the energy from food into?

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

How do we use ATP?

A

Convert it into ADP and a phosphate atom - breaking this bond releases energy

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4
Q

What does ROS stand for?

A

Reactive oxygen species

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5
Q

Percentage of oxygen in atmosphere

A

20.93%

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6
Q

Percentage carbon dioxide in atmosphere

A

0.03%

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7
Q

percentage nitrogen in atmosphere

A

79.04% - includes argon and other trace rare gases

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8
Q

What is hyperbaric pressure?

A

a high pressure environment such as diving underwater

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9
Q

give four ways of measuring oxygen

A

gas analysis
haemoglobin content
haemoatocrit content
pulse oximetry

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10
Q

what is gas anaylsis?

A

knowing how much oxygen is in the air to know how much we take in and use during exercise.

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11
Q

what is haemoglobin content?

A

in the blood - haeoglobin is fully saturated when attached to 4 oxygen molecules

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12
Q

what is haematocrit content?

A

percentage red blood cells in the blood - indirect measure of oxygen carrying capacity

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13
Q

what is pulse oximetry?

A

shines infrared light through your finger and detects how much blood is oxygenated.
used in hospitals

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14
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable environment when faced with a continually changing external environment

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15
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

involved a change in a monitored variable being countered by a response designed to reverse the direction of change

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16
Q

give 5 things controlled by negative feedback loops

A

body temperature
blood pressure
heart rate
pH
blood glucose

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17
Q

outline the homeostatic process

A

stimulus
receptor
input - information sent to control centre
information processed
output
response - returns to homeostatic level

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18
Q

give four examples of stimuli that could affect homeostasis

A

pressure, heat, cold, food, exercise

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19
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

respond to changes in the chemical content in the blood, pH of the blood, partial pressure of CO2 and O2 in the blood

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20
Q

where are chemoreceptors located?

A

in the bifurcators of the carotid artery in the neck,
central chemoreceptors in the brain stem
also found in the muscles

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21
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

respond to changes in pressure

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22
Q

where are baroreceptors located?

A

in the aortic arch
bifurcators of the carotid artery

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23
Q

what are baroreceptors responsible for?

A

controlling heart rate and blood pressure

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24
Q

what are proprioceptors?
3 types

A

muscle spindles located in muscle fibres - respond to stretch - protect the muscle by contracting the agonist muscle
golgi tendon organs located in tendons - respond to tension by relaxing the agonist muscle
joint kinesthetic proprioceptors - give us feelings of place, movement and response. located in the joints for when we do things such as twist an ankle.

25
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do?

A

involved in touch and pressure

26
Q

what do thermoreceptors do?

A

respond to temperature

27
Q

what do nociceptors do?

A

respond to pain

28
Q

where is the control centre?

A

in the brain

29
Q

where do we control heart rate from?

A

medulla oblongata

30
Q

where do we control beathing from?

A

the pons - links to dorsal and ventral respiratory groups which are responsible for the regulation and rhythm of breathing

31
Q

describe the four types of afferent neurons

A
  1. heavily myelinated
  2. medium myelination
  3. thin myelination
  4. no myelination
32
Q

what five things does central command look at?

A

heart rate response to exercise, breathing rate, metabolism, hormones, nervous system

33
Q

Outline the respiration system

A

nasal cavity, mouth, larynx, trachea, right and left bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli sacs

34
Q

descibe inspiration

A

diaphragm flattens as it contracts, inreasing the height of the thoraic cavity. external intercostal muscles contract to raise the rib cage increasing the circumference of the thoracic cavity.
decrease in air pressure = air moves in.

35
Q

describe exhalation

A

volume of thoracic cavity decreases (recoil of external intercostals and diaphragm)
increase in pressure = air moves out

36
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moving in and out of lungs when we breathe
in one normal breath - usually 500ml

37
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air we can take in above tidal volume

38
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air we can breathe out after a normal breath

39
Q

residual lung volume

A

air left over so lungs don’t collapse

40
Q

forced vital capacity

A

inspiratory capcity + expiratory reserve volume

41
Q

total lung capacity

A

residual + expiratory + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

42
Q

functional residual capcity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

43
Q

forced vital capacity

A

the amount of air you can forcibly breathe in and out.

44
Q

how to measure forced vital capacity with a spirometer

A

breathe in and out maximally once, as fast and hard as possible. empty lungs completely

45
Q

what is forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)?

A

the percentage of your FVC you can exhale in one second

46
Q

how do FEV and FVC relate to health?

A

the higher the percentage of your FVC your FEV1 (FEV/FVC ratio) the more efficient your lungs

47
Q

what does a FEV1/FVC ratio much lower than 80% suggest?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

48
Q

What three things increase the ability of the lungs to expand?

A

greater lung compliance, elasticity and recoil

49
Q

what does a peak flow test measure?

A

how much air you can breathe out in a minute - one breathe extrapolated to a mnute, don’t need to empty your lungs

50
Q

what is minute ventilation equation?

A

breathing frequency x tidal volume

51
Q

what is minute ventilation at rest?

A

VE = 6 litres/min
Bf = 12 breaths/min
tidal volume (Vt) = 0.5 litres

52
Q

what is minute ventialtion during exercise?

A

VE = 160 litres/min
Bf = 40 breaths/min
Vt = 4 litres

53
Q

how does the pons establish a regular breathing pattern?

A

responds to changes in cerebrospinal fluid H+ (acidity) caused by increases in arterial CO2.
receptor cells in the carotid and aoric bodies (periperal chemoreceptors) respond to large decreases in arterial O2.
higher centres in the brain can exert conscious control over respiration - make you hold your breath.

54
Q

pneumotaxic centre

A

more concerned with expiration, if damaged you breathe for an extended period as it is concerned with regulation so you take longer breaths.

55
Q

apneuistic centre

A

more concerned with inspiration

56
Q

what do apneuistic and pneumotaxic centres feed into?

A

dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the medulla. they send nervous impulses down neurones to intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

57
Q

ventral vs dorsal respiratory groups

A

ventral - involved when breathing heavier, and using more muscles scalenes, internal intercostals etc.
dorsal for normal breathing

58
Q

where are the mechanoreceptors linked to respiration?

A

in the plurae membranes, bronchioles, alveoli. they spot excessive stretch and send signals to reduce the depth of breathing - the Hering-Breuer reflex.

59
Q

possible reasons for exercise hyperpnea

A

subtle changes in CO2/H+
increased chemosensitivity
skeletal muscle afferent feedback - muscel chemoreceptors
central command preparing hte body for exercise
arterial potassium and or other catecholaines
cardiac afferent feedback
learned response

Physiology Year 1 (4 decks)

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