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week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.

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2
Q

What are the three names for drugs

A

Trade, Generic, Chemical

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3
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

science of dosage form design, rate at which drug dissolution occurs, and the delivery of the medication

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4
Q

Three types of dosage forms:

A

enteral, parental, and topical

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5
Q

Enteral

A

any oral medication

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6
Q

parental

A

medication that is given with injection

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7
Q

four types of injection

A

intradermal ID - just under the dermis
subcutaneous SQ- into fat layer just below the skin
intramuscular IM - into deep muscle layer
Intravenous IV- directly into blood stream

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8
Q

Topical dosage

A

applied on body surface

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9
Q

Enteric coated

A

oral coated tablets - cannot be cut in half. breaks down in lower GI

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10
Q

Capsule form oral medication description

A

encase in capsule, designed for sustained or extended release of granules. slow delivery

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11
Q

Chewable tablets start breaking down in

A

the mouth.

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12
Q

Sublingual

A

Under the tongue

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13
Q

liquid, syrups, and elixirs

A

already dissolved medication, absorbed more quickly than solid dosage form

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14
Q

Fastest to slowest absorption oral dosage forms

A

Liquid
suspension solutions
powders
capsules
tablets
coated
enteric-coated

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15
Q

Transdermal patch

A

adhesive medicated patch. handle with gloves

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16
Q

What is the difference between local and systemic rash?

A

Local means rash is located just on one part of the body, ie rash on arm. Systemic rash would be broken out all over your body, meaning it is in the blood stream.

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17
Q

Rectal suppositories (PR)

A

Excellent for pt who is vomiting or has difficulty swallowing. infant or small children especially

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18
Q

Why is it important to push IV meds slowly?

A

Pushing IV medication too fast can cause altered mental status - renal capacity must be taken into consideration.

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19
Q

When giving meds –

A

do not take shortcuts or work arounds.

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20
Q

Eye drops (GTT) or eye ointment (oint)

A

lean slightly back, make sure barrel doesn’t touch eye.

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21
Q

Ear drops (gtt)

A

pull lobe up or down to expose canal.

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22
Q

Inhaler (inh)

A

A canister containing medicine in aerosol form. delivered directly to lungs- bronchodilators.

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23
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until it has left the body

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24
Q

Absorption is determined by

A

onset of drug action

25
Q

Bioavailability

A

The portion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

26
Q

What drugs are altered by the first pass effect?

A

Oral drugs

27
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

When a drug is metabolized by the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation - some of the active drug will be inactivated before it reaches the general circulation.

28
Q

The bioavailability of drugs administered orally

A

have less than 100% bioavailability

29
Q

Drugs administered via IV have ___ bioavailability

A

100% bioavailability.

30
Q

Food in the stomach can influence oral medication’s ___

A

absorption

31
Q

how does milk in the stomach effect oral medication?

A

Milk binds with molecules of some drugs, so the drug can never be absorbed.

32
Q

How does fruit juice effect absorption of oral medication?

A

Juices (orange, grape) can enhance absorption, making it stronger or be absorbed faster than intended

33
Q

Distribution

A

the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

34
Q

3 major factors for drug distribution

A

Blood flow to tissue,
ability of drug to exit the vascular system
Ability of the drug to enter the cell

35
Q

Protein Binding

A

some drugs binds to protein in the bloodstream. it can allow part of the drug to be stored and released as needed.

however if two drugs compete for protein binding sites, one of the drugs will be displaced. this can result in higher levels of freely circulating drug molecules

36
Q

Metabolism considerations

A

also known as biotransformation

metabolism capabilities of the liver vary from pt to pt. Age, genetics, disease, concurrent use of other meds

37
Q

excretion

A

refers to the elimination of a drug from the body.
requires adequate function of the circulatory system, and organs of excretion

Kidneys via urine
liver via bile into feces
lungs via exhaled air
saliva, tears, and sweat

38
Q

Onset, peak, and elimination

A

When a drug begins to work, hits the peak of effectiveness, and is then excreted. k

39
Q

half life

A

from peak level to elimination. some drugs have longer or shorter half life than others

40
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of what a drug does to the body. once drug is at the site, it can modify the rate and which the cells or tissues function. a drug cannot make a cell or tissue perform a function it was not designed to perform

41
Q

what is mechanism of action

A

how a drug achieves its response

42
Q

what is drug effect

A

the goal of drug therapy
positive change in faulty physiological system

43
Q

adverse drug reaction

A

reaction to a drug that is undesired, and may or may not be expected.
- side effects
-allergic (immune) response
- idiosyncratic reaction
-drug interactions
-interactions with food or other drugs like OTC’s

44
Q

Contraindication

A

preexisting condition that precludes the use of a particular drug under all but the most desperate circumstances

45
Q

precaution

A

pre-existing condition that significantly increases the risk of adverse effect

46
Q

Black box warning

A

FDA’s strongest warning.
indicates the medication has serious or life-threatening adverse effects.
notifies physicians, pharmacists, and nurses that they are responsible to screen pt closely for drug appropriateness prior to giving drugs. should assess pt more frequently after administering.

47
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Clinical treatment through the use of drugs

48
Q

source of individual variations for pharmacotherapeutics

A

physiologic - age, weight, gender
pathologic - kidney and liver function
genetic variables - can alter metabolism
drug interactions

49
Q

how do you know the kidney and liver function so you can know how a drug might be metabolized in a certain pt?

A

Lab values - complete blood pannel and basic metabolic panel

50
Q

Lifespan considerations in pharmacotherapeutics

A

age has significant impact on the effect of medications
ESPECIALLY in peds or gery pts.

organ immaturity in infants
peds does is based on mg/kg of body weight

physiological changes of aging patients

51
Q

Most important job for nurse before administering meds

A

Preadministration assessment
list of current meds
history of allergies
vitals signs and phys exam
lab values - renal, liver, metablolism

52
Q

The rights of medication administration

A

DDTRPD
right Drug
right Dose
right Time
right Route
right Pt
right Documentation

Additional rights:
RRR
right Reason
right to Refuse
right to Response

53
Q

For any med order to be complete it must include

A

NDRF
Name
Dose
Route
Frequency

call prescriber for clarification if missing one of these

54
Q

Older adults are ____ likely to experience ADE (adverse drug effects

A

more

55
Q

Pediatric patients are at ___ for side effects and ADEs due to pharmacokinetic differences in body systems

A

increased risk

56
Q

Geriatric patients are ___ times more likely to hospitalized due to secondary ADE’s

A

seven

57
Q

What is prophylaxis

A

a drug given prior to a procedure proactively. like antibiotics given before surgery to get ahead of potential infection

58
Q

what is palliative care

A

medical care that relieves pain

113 (6 decks)

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