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pharm week 1 > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does beta 2 work on?

A

lungs, heart, bladder internal sphincter

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2
Q

Subscription

A

includes dosage form and quantity

pill, liquid, IV) and (mg, ml, grams

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3
Q

Superscription

A

the symbol Rx. Means “take thou”

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4
Q

A complete prescription contains:

A 
Patients name, DOB, address
Date
Weight (esp. if a child)
Superscription
Medication you intend to give
Instructions for medication you intend to give (route, frequency, duration)
quantity you want dispensed
repeat authorization if appropriate
Signature and ID number
Name, address, phone number
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5
Q

Prescription writing habits to avoid:

A
  • not using pt full name
  • using uncommon abreviations
  • messy writing
  • zero AFTER a whole number (5.0mg mistaken for 50mg)
  • writing a rx for someone you haven’t seen
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6
Q

First line and 2nd line eczema therapy?

A 
1= mild to potent glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, betamethasone esters). Ester = An ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid
2= retinoids (Alitretinoin, acitretin)
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7
Q

Acne treatment: 1st line

A

1= Antibacterials: erythromycin, clindamycin, antiseptics. Usually topical, sometimes systemic.

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8
Q

Acne treatment: more severe (2)

A

(1) Retinoids: often combined with anti-infectives.
Topical, sometimes systemic.
i.e. isotretinoin, adapalene, tretinoin
(2) androgen antagonists: co-cyprindol

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9
Q

What does fucidin ointment treat?

A 
primary and secondary skin infections caused by:
-S. aureus
-Streptococcus spp 
-C. minutissimum
Causing:
- impetigo contagiosa
-erythrasma (airith thras ma)
-secondary infections of wounds/burns
-
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10
Q

What bacteria causes most primary skin infections?

A

1- Staphylococci: furuncles and carbuncles, folliculitis, impetigo or scalded skin syndrome
2- Streptococcal: impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, cellulitis

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11
Q

Impetigo and causative bacteria?

A

Superficial soft skin infection of epidermis.

  • Non bullous (any age, yellowish crust)= staphylococcus aureus or with group A strep
  • Bullous (2-5 yrs, shiny, wet base, diaper, axillae, neck): S. aureus
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12
Q

Psoriasis is:

A

Chronic immunological disease with markedly increased epidermal cellular turnover.

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13
Q

What is psoriasis usually present?

A

knees
elbows
sacral area

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14
Q

Treatment of scalp psoriasis?

A
  • mid to high potency corticosteroids

- (addition of vit D derivatives = minimal improvement)

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15
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Looks at an exposure and then follows the people along to see if there is an association between the exposure abc the outcome.
I.e. smokers vs. Non smokers and the development of lung cancer.

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16
Q

Cohort studies determine this.

A

Relative risk.

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17
Q

Measure of effect or association in a cohort study?

A

Relative risk.

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18
Q

Causes of pruritis? (4)

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Proteases
Cytokines

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19
Q

What is AA?

A

absolute risk= the number of events (good or bad) in treated or control groups, divided by the number of people in that group

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20
Q

What is ARC?

A

ARC = the AR (absolute risk ) of events in the control group

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21
Q

ART

A

The AR of events in the treatment group

22
Q

what is ARR?

A

ARR (absolute risk reduction) = ARC – ART (absolute risk in control group - absolute risk in treatment )

23
Q

What is relative risk? RR

A

Risk to those exposed/ have the characteristic versus the risk of those not exposed/ without the characteristic

RR (relative risk) = ART / ARC

24
Q

RRR?

A

Proportion of bad events of treatment group compared with the control group.

RRR (relative risk reduction) = (CER – TER) / CER

25
Q

How to do RRR?

A

RRR = 1 – RR

26
Q

What is erythrasma? (Ear a thraz ma)

A

A common chronic skin condition affecting the skin folds.

The slowly enlarging patches of pink to brown dry skin.
Caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.

27
Q
  • Null hypothesis: (Ho) means?
A

Null hypothesis: (Ho)
No difference between groups (treatment A= Treatment B)

28
Q

Sensitivity of a study

A

Sensitivity: People with the condition will test positive for the condition

29
Q

Specificity of results?

A

Specificity: People without the condition will test negative for the condition

30
Q

Odds Ratio (OR):

A

Odds Ratio (OR): (used in case-control studies)
- Ratio of the odds of developing the condition in the exposed group compared to the odds of
developing the condition in a non exposed group

31
Q

A case–control study is?

A

a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.

32
Q

Odds ratio= 1. This means?

A

Odds ratio= 1

o Equally likely to occur in both groups

33
Q

Odds ratio > 1 means?

A

Odds ratio > 1= more likely to occur in the first group (exposed group)
o Positive association between treatment and outcome
o Risk is greater in the exposed group

34
Q

Odds ratio < 1 means?

A

Odds ratio < 1: less likely to occur in the first group (exposed group)
o Negative association between treatment and outcome
o Risk is lower in the exposed group

35
Q

• Relative Risk (RR) means?

A

• Relative Risk (RR) : Treatment versus outcome
• Magnitude of an interventions affects but can be misleading*
- Risk of developing a condition related to an exposure

Ratio of risk of an event in people with a specific characteristic, to those without
the characteristic
▪ Used in clinical trials and cohort studies

36
Q

RR = 1 means?

A

o 1= no risk (no association between tx and outcome)

37
Q

ARR is?

A

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)
This is a better number to focus practice on (versus RR)
- Magnitude of the affect of the drug **
- The REAL VALUE

38
Q

ARR is…

A

The absolute difference by which a therapy reduces the risk of bad outcomes between the control group and the experimental group

39
Q

ARR formula:

A

ARR% = CER% (controlled event rate) – TER% (experimental event rate)

E.g. 25% - 20% = 5%
• There was a 5% lower incidence of a MI in the treatment group compared to the control group.

40
Q

NNT is?

A

Number Needed to Treat (NNT) • The number of patients needed to be treated to achieve one additional favourable outcome

41
Q

CI (confidence interval )

A 
Confidence Interval (CI):
A best guess
Range where true value is likely to lie.

If the CI includes ZERO (0) then the results are NSS (Not Statistically Significant) • P<0.05 for 95% CIs

  • Narrow interval implies high precision. Wide interval = poor precision.
42
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

43
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body. (“Look how dynamic that muscle relaxant makes you”)

44
Q

Find No difference between tx group A and B means?

A

Failure to reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

45
Q

Find a difference between treatment group A and B means?

A

Reject the null hypothesis (Ho). Because the null hypothesis said there is no difference, but there IS A DIFFERENCE!

46
Q

Smaller p value =?

A

Stronger evidence to reject the null hypothesis (the treatment had an effect)

47
Q

P value does this…

A

Tells you the significance of your results in relation to the null hypothesis (Ho).

48
Q

P value between 0 and 0.05= ?

A

Statistically significant

49
Q

Why is a p value less than 0.05 statistically significant?

A

Indicates there is less than 5% chance that the null hypothesis is correct and results are random

50
Q

P value> 0.05 means?

A

Results are not statistically significant. We reject the alternative hypothesis and retain the null hypothesis

pharm week 1 (8 decks)

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