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biochem > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

lacking an affinity for water

A

Hydrophobic

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2
Q

having an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

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3
Q

is a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins

A

Monomer

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4
Q

consist of 2 monomer

A

Dimer

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5
Q

is a chemical compound with molecules bonded together in long, repeating chains

A

Polymer

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6
Q

occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms

A

Polar

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7
Q

occur when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule

A

Non-Polar

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8
Q

amino acid that the body cannot synthesize on its own, so it must be obtained from the diet

A

Essential

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9
Q

amino acid that the body can synthesize on its own

A

Non-essential

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10
Q

Defined as the application of chemistry to the study
of biological processes at the cellular and molecular
level.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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11
Q

Referred as “chemistry of the living cell”

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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12
Q

1665 – Robert Hooke

A

invented the microscope.

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13
Q

1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

witnessed a live cell plant under microscope

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14
Q

1869 – Friedrich Miescher

A

first identified “nuclein” inside the nuclei of human white blood cells

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15
Q

1900 – Eduard Buchner

A

introduced the concept of an “enzyme”

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16
Q

1903 – Carl Neuber

A

coined the name Biochemistry

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17
Q

1919 – Phoebus Levene

A

first discovered the order
of the three major components of a single
nucleotide

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18
Q

1937 – Hans Krebs

A

discovered the process of Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

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19
Q

1950 – Erwin Chargaff

A

says the amount of cytosine is equal to the amount of
guanine and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of adenine
(Chargaff’s Rule)

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20
Q

1958 – Frederick Sanger

A

discovered the first and complete protein structure

which is insulin.

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21
Q

1961 –

A

Cracking of genetic code

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22
Q

1977 – Frederick Sanger

A

had successfully
sequenced the genome of
bacteriophage which contained
more than 5000 nucleotides

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23
Q

Defined as substances
that are produced by
cells and living organisms

A

BIOMOLECULES

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24
Q

types of BIOMOLECULES

A 
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Amino Acids
 Nucleotides
 Others such as vitamins
and heme
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25
Q

Specific group of atoms or bonds within a
compound that is responsible for the
characteristic chemical reactions of that
compound

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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26
Q

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS example:

A 
 Hydroxyl
 Methyl
 Carbonyl
 Carboxyl
 Amino
 Phosphate
 Sulfhydryl
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27
Q

One of the major groups of
biomolecules which is soluble
in water and is polar in nature

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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28
Q

Mainly used as an energy
source and commonly referred
to as sugars and starches

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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29
Q

Carbohydrates is composed of three (3)
elements:

It can range in size from very
small to very large.

A

carbon (C),

hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)

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30
Q

Carbohydrates can be classified in to

A

monosaccharide,
disaccharide and
polysaccharides.

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31
Q

Relatively small water-

insoluble molecules and nonpolar in nature

A

LIPIDS

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32
Q

Some lipids act as ____ like
triglycerides stored in
adipose tissue

A

storage

molecules

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33
Q

Building blocks of lipids are

A

fatty acids

34
Q 
It act as hydrophobic
barrier of the cell
membrane that permits
the entry and exit of
certain molecules
A

LIPIDS

35
Q 
A compound that contains
two functional groups – the
amino group and the
carboxyl group bonded to
the same carbon
A

AMINO ACIDS

36
Q

They are generally soluble
in water

Some of them are polar
and nonpolar in nature

A

AMINO ACIDS

37
Q

Used to synthesize
hormones and make
proteins

A

AMINO ACIDS

38
Q

Can be classified as

essential and non-essential

A

AMINO ACIDS

39
Q

It is used mainly as the
building blocks for DNA
and RNA

A

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

40
Q

Individual nucleotides are
soluble in water

They are polar and
nonpolar in nature

A

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

41
Q 
It consists of a sugar
molecule (either ribose in
RNA or deoxyribose in
DNA) attached to a
phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing base
A

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACID

42
Q 
Double helix
structure
comprised of
adenine (A),
guanine (G),
cytosine (C)
and thymine
(T)
A

DNA

43
Q 
Single stranded
structure and
comprised
adenine (A),
guanine (G),
cytosine (C) and
uracil (U)
A

RNA

44
Q

Located in the
nucleus of the
cell and self-
replicating

A

DNA

45
Q

Copied from
DNA and is
working form of
the information

A

RNA

46
Q

Storage form
of genetic
information

A

DNA

47
Q

Made in the
nucleus and
mRNA is exported
to the cytosol

A

RNA

48
Q

Base pairing is

AT and GC

A

DNA

49
Q

Base pairing is AU

and GC

A

RNA

50
Q

Functional groups Can be subdivided into three types

A
  1. Hydrocarbons
  2. Compounds containing a single bond to a
    hetero atom
  3. Compounds containing a C=O group
51
Q

Compounds that contain only the

elements of carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

52
Q

(only C – C single bond)

A

Alkane

53
Q

Carbon – carbon

double bond

A

Alkenes

54
Q

Carbon – carbon

triple bond

A

Alkyne

55
Q

Benzene ring

A

Aromatic

Compound

56
Q

Always dissect it into small pieces to

identify the functional group

A

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A
SINGLE BOND TO A
HETEROATOM

57
Q

Many different kinds of compounds contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O, carbonyl group)

The type of atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon – hydrogen, carbon, or a heteroatom – determines the
specific class of carbonyl compound.
A

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A C=O GROUP

58
Q

Are the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, involving biomolecules

A

BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

59
Q

is the totality of the chemical reactions which occur

within a cell, and can be divided into two types:

A

Metabolism

60
Q

involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones and usually require energy to form new bonds (endergonic)

A

Anabolic reactions

61
Q

involve the breakdown of complex molecules into

simpler ones and usually release energy from breaking bonds (exergonic)

A

Catabolic reactions

62
Q

ATP provides an immediate source of energy when hydrolysed and functions as the energy currency of the cell.

A

Functions of ATP

63
Q

Growth and repair:

A

Increase cell size and replace damaged tissue

requires ATP

64
Q

Movement:

A

The contraction of muscle fibres in order to generate

movement in organisms requires ATP

65
Q

Nerve transmissions:

A

The generation and transmission of a nerve

impulse (action potential) requires ATP

66
Q

Active transport:

A

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient, or by cytosis, requires ATP

67
Q

Biosynthesis of macromolecules:

A

Building complex organic

molecules from simpler subunits (anabolism) requires ATP

68
Q

Emission of light:

A

Some cells may be capable of luminescence, and

this process requires ATP

69
Q

Chemical reactions associated with biological processes

A

BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

70
Q

Four main types of reactions are:

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Condensation
  4. Oxidation-Reduction
71
Q

Interaction of an acid and
base to form a salt (ionic
compound) and water

A

NEUTRALIZATION

72
Q

Necessary to maintain
constant pH state within the
body

A

NEUTRALIZATION

73
Q

resist changes in

pH

A

Buffers

74
Q

Release H+ ions when

A

fluid is basic

75
Q

Take up H+ ions when

A

fluid is acidic

76
Q

Involves the reaction of an organic chemical with
water to form two or more new substances and

usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds
by the addition of water.

A

HYDROLYSIS

77
Q

Reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule

A

CONDENSATION

78
Q

type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species

A

OXIDATION-REDUCTION (REDOX)

79
Q

is the loss of electrons

from an atom

A

Oxidation

80
Q

is the gain of electrons

by an atom

A

Reduction

81
Q

A compound that gains electrons

is called

A

oxidizing agent

82
Q

A compound that loses electrons

is called

A

reducing agent

biochem (6 decks)

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