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biochem > LECT 2 > Flashcards

LECT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly referred to as sugars and starches

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

The word was given to this group of compounds because the molecular formula of simple carbohydrates could be written as

A

Cn(H2O)n making them hydrates of carbon

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3
Q

They are the storehouses of chemical energy

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

CARBOHYDRATES are synthesized in green plants and algae through

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

CARBOHYDRATES It can be classified into three groups:

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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6
Q

The simplest carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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7
Q

Generally have three to six carbon atoms in a chain, with a carbonyl group at either the terminal carbon, numbered C1 or C2

In most carbohydrates, each of the remaining carbon atoms has a hydroxyl
group

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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8
Q

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 are aldehydes called

A

aldoses.

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9
Q

Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C2 are ketones called

A

ketoses.

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10
Q

Glyceraldehyde is the

A

simplest aldose

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11
Q

Dihydroxyacetone is the simplest

A

ketose

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12
Q

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone both have molecular formula OF

A

C3H6O3 so they are constitutional isomers

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13
Q

___ have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

A

Constitutional isomers

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14
Q

___ is the most prevalent aldose

A

Glucose

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15
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES Is characterized by the number of carbons in its chain

A

A triose has three carbons
 A tetrose has four carbons
 A pentose has five carbons
 A hexose has six carbons

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16
Q 
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9
10
A 
MONO
DI 
TRI
TETRA
PENTA
HEXA 
HEPTA
OCTA
NONA
DECA
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17
Q

FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULAS

A

FISCHER HAD NO WAY OF KNOWING WHAT THE CONFIGURATIONS (-) (+) GLUCERALDEHYDE WERE SO HE GUESSED.

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18
Q

The negative enantiomer was guessed to have configuration on the left (which we will now call as S) and was designated

A

L for latin (laevo)

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19
Q

The positive enantiomer was guessed to have configuration on the right (which we will now call as R) and was designated

A

D for latin (dextro)

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20
Q

A D monosaccharide has the OH group on the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl on the

A

right (like D-glyceraldehyde)

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21
Q

A L monosaccharide has the OH group on the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl on the

A

left (like L-glyceraldehyde)

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22
Q

The configuration of the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group determines whether

A

a monosaccharide is D or L

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23
Q

COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES (c6H12O6

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

24
Q

Also called dextrose, is the
sugar referred to when
blood sugar is measured.

25
The most abundant monosaccharide. Normal blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL.
glucose
26
Excess | glucose is converted to
glycogen or fat.
27
Is one of the monosaccharides that form the disaccharide lactose.
Galactose
28
It is the | stereoisomer of glucose.
Galactose
29
Individuals with ___ lack an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose.
galactosemia
30
Is one of the monosaccharides that form the disaccharide sucrose.
fructose
31
``` It is a ketohexose found in honey and is almost twice as sweet as normal table sugar with about the same number of calories per gram. ```
fructose
32
``` • The disaccharide found in sugarcane • It contains one glucose ring and one fructose ring • It contains one six-membered and one five-membered ring ```
Sucrose
33
• The disaccharide found in milk from both humans and cows • It contains one galactose ring and one glucose ring
Lactose
34
• Lactose intolerant no longer | produce the enzyme
lactase
35
contain three or more monosaccharides | joined together
POLYSACCHARIDES (c6H10O5) n
36
are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
37
``` are acetals (Acetals are geminal-diether derivatives of aldehydes or ketones, formed by reaction with two equivalents (or an excess amount) of an alcohol and elimination of water), compounds that contain two alkoxy groups (OR groups) bonded to the same carbon ```
Disaccharides
38
The new C-O bond that joins the | two rings together is called a
glycosidic linkage
39
The glycosidic linkage that joins the two monosaccharides in a disaccharides can be oriented in two different ways
alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage | beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage
40
The glycoside bond is down
alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkage
41
The glycoside bond is up
beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage
42
Three prevalent polysaccharides in nature are
cellulose, starch and glycogen, each of which consists of repeating glucose units joined by glycosidic bond
43
They are divided into homopolysaccharides (homoglycans), composed of equal units of sugar (starch, glycogen,cellulose) and heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans), composed of various sugar and non-sugar units (glycosaminoglycans)
POLYSACCHARIDES (c6H10O5) n
44
found in the cell walls of nearly all plants, where it gives support and rigidity to wood, plant, stems and grass
CELLULOSE
45
an unbranched polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in 1 4-β- glycosidic linkage
CELLULOSE
46
In some cells, cellulose is hydrolyzed by an enzyme called
β-glycosidase, which cleaves all of the β glycoside bonds, forming glucose (Humans do not posses this enzyme, and therefore cannot digest cellulose
47
main carbohydrate found in the seeds and roots of plants
STARCH
48
a polymer composed of repeating glucose units joined in alpha glycosidic linkages
starch
49
The two common forms of starch are
amylose and amylopectin
50
Comprises about 80% of starch molecules
amylopectin
51
Has a backbone of glucose molecules with 1 4- alpha glycoside bonds
amylopectin
52
the major form in which polysaccharides | are stored in animals
GLYCOGEN
53
GAGs are a group of unbranched carbohydrates derived from alternating amino sugar and glucoronate units
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
54
form a gel-like matrix that acts as a lubricant, making them key components in connective tissue and joints
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (gags)
55
The second most abundant carbohydrate polymer, is a | polysaccharide formed from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units joined together in 1 4-β-glycosidic linkages
chitin

biochem (6 decks)

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