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Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CXCL13

A

produced by BRCs in the LN; essential for proper B cell migration and compartmentalization into follicles

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2
Q

CCL21

A

produced by TRCs in the LN, essential for T cell migration into and compartmentalization of T cells in the LN

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3
Q

Cathespin B

A

Also known as Cath-B. Converts immobile CXCL13 to soluble CXCL13, allowing for proper B cell localization in the LN.

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4
Q

CCR7

A

Receptor for CCL21/19. Mostly expressed on T cells and DCs and used to co-localize these cells in the T-zone in LN to facilitate their interaction.

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5
Q

TRC produces these cytokines:

A

CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12, and IL-7.

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6
Q

CCL19

A

Specific for CCR7 and produced by TRCs in LNs. Attracts T cells to the LNs.

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7
Q

LPA/LPA2

A

LPA binds receptor LPA2 on T cells, which both activates RhoA and reduces T cell adhesion to the reticular network, driving T cell migration [23]. Accordingly, both FRC-specific LPA and T cell specific LPA2 knockout mice exhibit strongly reduced T cell migration within the T zone

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8
Q

IL-7

A

T cell survival cytokine produced by stromal cells in the LNs and thymus.

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9
Q

PDPN

A

Podoplanin, expressed on stromal cells, regulates actomyosin properties of FRCs in LNs, thereby dictating LN stiffness/shape.

Also interacts with CLEC2 expressed on DCs, to facilitate DC mobility in T cell zone.

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10
Q

CXCL13

A

ligand for CXCR5, expressed by naive B cells. CXCL13 is produced by fDCs in the B cell follicle to recruit naive B cells.

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11
Q

CXCR5

A

Receptor for CXCL13. Expressed by naive B cells, allowing them to home to the B cell follicle in the LN.

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12
Q

LFA-1

A

Leukocyte Factor 1: Integrin composed of CD11a/CD18

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13
Q

CD18

A

Beta chain of B2 integrins (LFA-1, etc.)

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14
Q

CD64

A

Fc(gamma)RI, expressed on Mqs, monocytes

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15
Q

α4β7

A

Binds MAdCAM-1 expressed on gut vascular endothelium; allows for homing to the lamina propia

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16
Q

CCR9

A

Receptor for CCL25, which is expressed in the small intestine.

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17
Q

CCL25

A

Ligand for CCR9. Expressed in the small intestine.

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18
Q

CD103

A

Expressed on some LP cDCs (also known as integrin αE)

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19
Q

Three different types of LP cDCs (based on markers)

A

CD103+CD11b−XCR1+cDC1 (XCR1+ cDC1)
CD103+CD11b+SIRPα+cDC2 (CD103+ cDC2)
CD103−CD11b+SIRPα+cDC2 (CD103− cDC2)

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20
Q

Zbtb46

A

Transcription factor required for development of all three subtypes of LP cDCs.

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21
Q

XCR1+ cDC1 transcription factor requirements

A

BATF3, Id2, or IRF8

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22
Q

CD103+ cDC2 transcription factor requirements

A

IRF4, Notch2, or KLF4

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23
Q

CD103− cDC2 transcription factor requirements

A

Zeb2

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24
Q

intestinal macrophage markers

A

CD64, F4/80, Mer tyrosine kinase, CD169 (and most are CX3CR1+)

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25
Q

Th17 cytokines

A

IL-17 A, IL-17 F, IL-21, and IL-22

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26
Q

“find-me” signals released by dying cells to stimulate nearby phagocytes

A

modified membrane lipids (LPC, S1P), nucleotides (ATP, UTP), chemokines (CX3CL1).`

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27
Q

DNaseI v. DNaseII v. DNaseIII

A

DNaseI degrades DNA in the EC environment, while DNaseIII degrades cytoplasmic DNA. DNaseII degrades DNA in the lysosomes of phagocytes that have engulfed dying cells.

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28
Q

phosphatidylserine

A

phospholipid restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in healthy cells. It becomes exposed on the outer leaflet during apoptosis and is recognized by scavenging phagocytes for engulfment of the presenting cell.

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29
Q

CD36

A

Scavenger receptor that recognizes anionic phospholipids exposed on dying cells; promotes engulfment of those cells.

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30
Q

Dynamin

A

A member of the protein gTPase family, mainly involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from a membrane and their fusion with another membrane.

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31
Q

Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP)

A

A non-apoptotic function of several proteins of the autophagy pathway, resulting in lipidation of lC3 family proteins on the phagosome membrane, enhancing fusion
of the phagosome with lysosomes.

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32
Q

Pannexin 1 (PANX1)

A

Caspase3/7-activated channel protein that forms a small pore in the plasma membrane of cells undergoing active apoptosis, allowing small (<1kDa) proteins such as ATP to escape into the EC matrix as ‘find-me’ signals for phagocytes.

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33
Q

Liver X Receptors (LXRs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs)

A

nuclear receptor transcription factors that dimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in response to ligands (e.g., oxysterols by LXRs, unsaturated fatty acids by PPARs) to regulate lipid metabolism gene transcription - importantly activated upon ingestion of an apoptotic cell by a phagocyte to correct for the massive influx of lipid upon degrading a cell.

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34
Q

Dectin-1

A

strongly expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and DCs and recognizes 􏰁-1,3-linked glucans (polymers of glucose), which are common components of fungal cell walls

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35
Q

mannose receptor (MR)

A

C-type lectin expressed by macrophages and DCs that recognizes various mannosylated ligands present on bacteria and fungi, and assists in scavenging in Mqs

36
Q

Class A scavenger receptors

A

SR-A I, SR-A II, and MARCO (macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure), which all bind various bacterial cell-wall components and help to internalize bacteria

37
Q

fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptor

A

G-protein-coupled receptor that senses the presence of bacteria by recognizing a unique feature of bacterial polypeptides. Protein synthesis in bacteria is typically initiated with an N-formylmethionine (fMet) residue, an amino acid present in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes

38
Q

NADPH oxidase

A

Also known as phagocyte oxidase, it is a membrane-associated multicomponent enzyme that generates superoxides in activated phagocytes.

39
Q

chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

Disease in which patients with a deficiency in NADPH oxidase present with an inability to produce toxic oxygen derivatives and a decreased ability to kill ingested microbes

40
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer ligands

A

Lipomannans (mycobacteria)
Lipoproteins (diacyl lipopeptides; triacyl lipopeptides) Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive bacteria)
Cell-wall β-glucans (bacteria and fungi)
Zymosan (fungi)

41
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer hematopoietic expression

A

Monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

42
Q

TLR-2:TLR-6 heterodimer ligands

A

Lipomannans (mycobacteria)
Lipoproteins (diacyl lipopeptides; triacyl lipopeptides) Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive bacteria)
Cell-wall β-glucans (bacteria and fungi)
Zymosan (fungi)

43
Q

TLR-2:TLR-6 heterodimer hematopoietic expression

A

Monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

44
Q

TLR-3 ligands

A

Double-stranded RNA (viruses), poly I:C

45
Q

TLR-3 hematopoietic expression

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelium

46
Q

TLR-4 ‘co-receptors’

A

MD-2 and CD14

47
Q

TLR-4 &co. ligands

A 
LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive bacteria)
48
Q

TLR-4 & co. hematopoietic expression

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils

49
Q

TLR-5 ligands

A

Flagellin (bacteria)

50
Q

TLR-5 hematopoietic expression

A

Intestinal epithelium, macrophages, dendritic cell

51
Q

TLR-7 ligands

A

Single-stranded RNA (viruses)

52
Q

TLR-7 hematopoietic expression

A

Mostly Plasmacytoid dendritic cells,, B cells

53
Q

TLR-8 ligands

A

Single-stranded RNA (viruses)

54
Q

TLR-8 hematopoietic expression

A

Macrophages, neutrophils

55
Q

TLR-9 ligands

A

DNA with unmethylated CpG (bacteria and herpesviruses)

56
Q

TLR-9 hematopoietic expression

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, eosinophils, B cells, basophils

57
Q

TLR-10 ligands

A

(human only) Unknown!

58
Q

TLR-10 hematopoietic expression

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, eosinophils, B cells, basophils

59
Q

TLR-11 ligands

A

(mouse only) - profilin and profilin-like proteins (Toxoplasma gondii, uropathogenic bacteria)

60
Q

TLR-11 hematopoietic expression

A

(mouse only) - Macrophages, DCs (also liver, kidney and bladder)

61
Q

TLR-12 ligands

A

(mouse only) - profilin (Toxoplasma gondii)

62
Q

TLR-12 hematopoietic expression

A

(mouse only) - Macrophages, DCs, (also liver kidney and bladder)

63
Q

TLR-13 ligands

A

(mouse only) - ssRNA (bacterial ribosomal RNA)

64
Q

TLR-13 hematopoietic expression

A

(mouse only) - Macrophages, DCs

65
Q

Extracellular TLRs (plasma membrane bound)

A

TLR2:TLR1 heterodimers, TLR-2:TLR-6 heterodimers, TLR-5, TLR-4

66
Q

Intracellular TLRs (vesicle/endosome bound)

A

TLR-3, TLR-7, TLR-8, TLR-9

67
Q

MD-2

A

Accessory protein for TLR-4 signaling that binds to TLR-4 within the cell and is necessary for proper trafficking of the PRR.

68
Q

Four signaling molecules used in TLR signaling

A

MyD88, MAL (TIRAP), TRIF, TRAM

69
Q

TLR-2 and TLR-1 adaptor molecule

A

MyD88/MAL (TIRAP)

70
Q

TLR-3 adaptor molecule

71
Q

TLR-4 adaptor molecules

A

MyD88/MAL (TIRAP), TRIF/TRAM

72
Q

TLR-5 adaptor molecule

73
Q

TLR-2/6 adaptor molecule

A

MyD88/MAL (TIRAP)

74
Q

TLR-7 adaptor molecule

75
Q

TLR-8 adaptor molecule

76
Q

TLR-9 adaptor molecule

77
Q

TLR-11/12 adaptor molecule

78
Q

TLR-13 adaptor molecule

79
Q

NFkB transcription effects

A

proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1B and IL-6.

80
Q

NOD1 ligand

A

D-glutamyl meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), a breakdown product of peptidoglycans of Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella and some Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria

81
Q

NOD2 ligand

A

muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is present in the peptidoglycans of most bacteria

82
Q

TIR domain proteins

A

MyD88, MAL, TRIF, TRAM, all TLRs

83
Q

CARD domain proteins

A

Caspase 1, RIP2, RIG-1, MDA-5, MAVs, NODs,NLRC4,ASC, NLRP1

84
Q

Pyrin domain proteins

A

AIM2, IFI16, ASC, NLRP1-14

85
Q

DD (death domain) domain proteins

A

MyD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, DR4, DR5, FADD, FAS

86
Q

DED (death effector domain) domain proteins

A

Caspase 8, caspase 10, FADD

Immunology (17 decks)

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