Week 03: Earthquakes & FEMA Mitigation Ideas Flashcards
True or False:
Humans have an important role in making sure that natural hazards don’t become natural disasters
TRUE
(Week 03 - Slide 03)
What are three ways in which humans can influence the impact of natural hazards?
- Human Actions can impact frequency and severity of natural hazards
- Human Intervention can result in natural disasters where they did not previously exist before (i.e. building a dam on a fault line)
- If human action/inaction can result in natural disasters, they can also eliminate or reduce them
(Week 03, Slide 03)
Fill in the blank:
The ________ of ______ of earthquake depends on the interaction of a number of variables
Severity, Impact
(Week 03 - Slide 04)
What are some physical factors that can indicate the severity of impact of an earthquake? (6)
- Magnitude
- Location of Epicenter
- Depth of Focus
- Extent of Fault Rupture
- Geological and Soil Conditions
- Duration of Shaking
(Week 03 - Slide 04)
What are some human factors that can indicate the severity of impact of an earthquake? (6)
- Extent of mitigation
- How people react before and after an event
- Community Preparedness
- Planning Effectiveness
- Building Practices
- Infrastructure Vulnerability & Land Use
(Week 03 - Slide 04)
Fill in the blanks:
Earthquake hazards we find today and the seismic process responsible for them were in place ____ ______ we developed populated _____ centers with ___________ vulnerable structures close to these hazards
Long Before, Urban, Seismically
(Week 03 - Slide 06)
Fill in the blanks:
Deaths in earthquakes are frequently due to _______ objects that are predominantly __________ (collapsing buildings, falling beams and columns, heavy bookcases, etc.)
Falling, Human-made
(Week 03 - Slide 06)
Much of our earthquake vulnerability - loss of human life as well as infrastructure and economic losses - is due to what?
Human Activity
(Week 03 - Slide 06)
Branch of Geology dealing with structural or deformational features of the outer part of the Earth. The word is derived from the Greek root “to build.”
This is the definition of which term?
A. Tectonics
B. Plate
C. Plate Tectonics
A. Tectonics
(Week 03 - Slide 10)
In geologic terms, a large, rigid slab of solid rock.
This is the definition of which term?
A. Plate Tectonics
B. Tectonics
C. Plate
C. Plate
(Week 03 - Slide 10)
A theory of tectonics in which the outer part of the Earth (Lithosphere) is comprised of rigid plates that interact (collide, translate, rift apart, subduct). The term refers to how the earth is built of plates, and the theory explains the interaction among these plates.
This is the definition of which term:
A. Plate
B. Tectonic Plates
C. Tectonics
B. Tectonic Plates
(Week 03 - Slide 10)
The location of earthquakes delineates the earth’s tectonic plates, as earthquakes occur mainly along what?
The boundaries of plates
(Week 03 - Slide 14)
Approximately what percent of the world’s earthquakes occur in areas along plate boundaries?
90%
(Week 03 - Slide 14)
What are the four tectonic forces?
- Divergent Zone
- Convergent Zones
- Transform Plate Boundaries
- Hot Spots
(Week 03 - Slide 15)
What are Subduction Zone Earthquakes?
A type of plate-boundary earthquake when one plate is subducting beneath the other.
(Week 03 - Slide 20)
What type of earthquake is typically located very deep (up to 600km depth recorded) and is some of the world’s largest earthquakes?
Subduction Zone Earthquakes
(Week 03 - Slide 20)
Earthquakes result from what?
Abrupt slippages along faults in rock.
(Week 03 - Slide 23)
Earthquake waves travel through the earth from what?
From where they are generated at the fault.
(Week 03 - Slide 23)
True or False:
Earthquake waves gain energy with distance
FALSE - they LOSE energy with distance
True or False:
The longer the fault, the more energy released and the larger the earthquake.
TRUE
(Week 03 - Slide 26)
It also can be seen that duration of ground shaking also increases as a function of fault length, why?
As more time is required for longer faults to slip.
(Week 03 - Slide 26)
There are three basic types of faults, what are they?
- Strike-Slip (i.e. San Andreas)
- Normal
- Reverse
(Week 03 - Slide 27)
There are two broad classes of Seismic Waves, what are they?
- Body Waves
- Surface Waves
(Week 03 - Slide 29)
Which 6 areas in Canada have a seismic risk?
- Vancouver
- Montreal
- Ottawa/Gatineau
- Victoria
- Toronto
- Quebec
(Week 03 - Slide 41)
What is the hypocenter of an earthquake?
The point on the fault surface at depth where the rupture began.
(Week 03 - Slide 55)
What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter.
(Week 03 - Slide 55)
Earthquakes can occur in sequence, starting with one and producing many others.
The first is usually the strongest, additional earthquakes are known as what?
Aftershocks
(Week 03 - Slide 57)
Aftershocks usually become less severe with time, and happen within how many days of an initial earthquake?
2 days
(Week 03 - Slide 57)
According to the FEMA Mitigations Ideas document, what are the four local planning and regulations?
- Adopt and Enforce Building Codes
- Incorporate Earthquake Mitigation into Local Planning
- Map and Assess Community Vulnerability to Seismic Hazards
- Conduct Inspections of Building Safety
(Week 03, FEMA - p.10 & 11)
