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Geography > Weather Hazards > Flashcards

Weather Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Polar insolation

A

Over large surface area of Earth, ‘Albedo effect’

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2
Q

Albedo effect

A

Sun’s rays are reflected off white snow/ice in poles

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3
Q

Equatorial Insolation

A

Over small surface area of Earth

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4
Q

Equator

A

0º on lines of latitude

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5
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

23.5ºN on lines of latitude

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6
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

23.5ºS on lines of latitude

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7
Q

Artic Circle

A

66.5ºN on lines of latitude

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8
Q

Antarctic Circle

A

66.5ºS on lines of latitude

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9
Q

Wind

A

Air that moves from high to low pressure, Coriolis effect, Northern hemisphere forces winds to curve to right, so winds will blow clockwise, Southern hemisphere forces winds to curve to left, so winds will blow anticlockwise

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10
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Winds don’t blow in straight line as Earth is rotating

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11
Q

Weather in UK

A

Cloudy + wet as UK is in boundary of Ferrel + Polar cells + as there is low pressure from rising air

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12
Q

Low pressure

A

Where hot air rises, so weather is cloudy + rainy

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13
Q

High pressure

A

Where cold air sinks, so sky is clear + there is dry + clam weather

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14
Q

Weather in desert

A

Hot + dry due to high pressure, so there is lack of rainfall + clouds, lack of clouds makes it very hot during day, but very cold at night as heat is lost from ground, lack of rainfall makes it desert

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15
Q

Equator weather

A

Hot + humid due to low pressure, making weather very wet + cloudy, air rises due to equatorial insolation heats up air, making it rise + very hot

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16
Q

Hadley cell

A

It’s largest cell

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17
Q

Ferrel cell

A

Travels in opposite way to polar or hadley cells

18
Q

Tropical storm

A

Huge storm that forms + develops in Tropics, USA + Caribbean - hurricanes, Japan + Philippines - typhoons, Australia + South-east Asia - cyclones, form above 27ºC

19
Q

Extreme weather

A

When weather event is significantly different from average/usual weather pattern + it’s especially severe or unseasonal

20
Q

Global Atmospheric Circulation

A

Movement of air + heat across Earth, creates areas of high rainfall e.g tropical rainforests + areas of dryness e.g deserts,

21
Q

Distribution of Tropical Storms

A

Form 5-15º North or South of Equator (in Tropics) as they need water to be 27ºC or hotter to form, majority form in Northern Hemisphere

22
Q

Formation of a Tropical Storm

A

Strong upward movement of air draws water vapour up from warm ocean surface, this evaporated air cools as it rises + condenses to form towering thunderstorm clouds, as air condenses, it releases heat which powers storm + draws up more + more water from ocean, several smaller thunderstorms join together to from giant spinning storm, now develops eye +, therefore, eye wall too, as storm is carried across ocean by prevailing winds, it continues to gather strength, on reaching land, storm’s energy supply is cut off, friction with land slows it down + it begins to weaken, if storm reaches warms seas after crossing land, it may pick up strength again

23
Q

Eye

A

Centre of storm, where air descends rapidly

24
Q

Eyewall

A

Outer edge of eye, where most intense weather conditions are felt

25
Q

Typhoon Haiyan: Primary Effects

A

6,300 people were killed, 30,000 fishing boats destroyed, 90% of Tacloban City is destroyed

26
Q

Typhoon Haiyan: Secondary Effects

A

Flooding caused landslides + blocked roads, 6 million people lost their source of income, looting + violence broke out in Tacloban City

27
Q

Typhoon Haiyan: Immediate Responses

A

800,000 people were evacuated by authorities, 1,200 evacuation centres set up, $1.5 billion pledged in aid from other countries

28
Q

Typhoon Haiyan: Long-term Responses

A

Rice farming + fishing was quickly reestablished, Roads, bridges + airport facilities rebuilt, More cyclone shelters built

29
Q

Effect of climate change on tropical storms

A

Frequency will decrease, intensity will increase due to rising sea temperatures, distribution will change + they may affect areas outside current hazard zone

30
Q

Tropical Storms: Monitoring and Prediction

A

Technological developments have made monitoring + prediction more accurate + effective, In North Atlantic, there are two levels of warning issued by National Hurricane Centre, hurricane watch - advises that hurricane conditions are possible, hurricane warning - advises that hurricane conditions are expected + that people should take immediate action

31
Q

Tropical Storms: Protection

A

Buildings: built on stilts + raised land, shutters over windows, constructed of strong concrete

32
Q

Tropical Storms: Planning

A

Raising individual + community awareness, In USA there is National Hurricane Preparedness Week - focuses on educating people about potential dangers ahead of next hurricane season + families are encouraged to devise their own plan of action

33
Q

Causes of extreme weather in the UK

A

Storms from Atlantic bring heavy rain + strong winds, hot + sunny weather from south can lead to heatwaves + droughts, severe weather can come from east e.g Beast from the East, Artic air can bring heavy snow + bitterly cold conditions

34
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Causes

A

Rivers hadn’t been dredged for 20 years + had become clogged with sediment, high tides + storm surges swept water up rivers from Bristol Channel, which prevented fresh water reaching sea, succession of depressions brought period of wet weather that lasted for several weeks

35
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Social Impacts

A

16 farms evacuated, 600 houses flooded, many people had power supplies cut off

36
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Economic Impacts

A

1,000 livestock evacuated, 14,000 hectares of agricultural land underwater for 4 weeks, local roads cut off by floods

37
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Environmental Impacts

A

Huge amount of debris had to be cleared, floodwaters were heavily contaminated with sewage + other pollutants e.g oil + chemicals, stagnant water that had collected for months had to be re-oxygenated before being pumped back into rivers

38
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Immediate Responses

A

Villages cut off by floods used boats to go shopping or attend school, local community groups + volunteers gave invaluable support

39
Q

Somerset Levels Floods: Long-term Responses

A

8km of River Tone + Parratt were dredged, Road levels + river banks were raised, more pumping stations were built

40
Q

Causes of increasing extreme weather in the UK

A

Climate change as it causes there to be more energy in atmosphere, which could lead to more intense storms + atmospheric circulation may be affected, bringing floods to normally dry regions + heatwaves to normally cooler areas

41
Q

Depressions

A

Areas of low pressure

Geography (6 decks)

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