Glaciers

Question 1

Weathering

Answer 1

Process of wearing away or being worn away by long exposure to atmosphere, scree is evidence of weathering in glacial landscapes

Question 2

Abrasion

Answer 2

As glacier moves down/uphill, rocks that have been frozen into base + sides of glacier scrape rock beneath (bedrock) + leave striations behind

Question 3

Striations

Answer 3

Scratches in rock that glacier leaves behind when they move down/uphill

Question 4

Plucking

Answer 4

Meltwater (formed by pressure of glacier itself) from glacier freezes around lumps of cracked + broken rock, when glacier moves down/uphill, rock is plucked from ground + into glacier, most effective when there are joints (cracks) in rocks that water can seep into

Question 5

Freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 5

Occurs on rock surface above surface of ice + its margins, water from rain collects in cracks or holes in rock, overnight or seasonally it gets colder, so water freezes + expands as it traps air bubbles in it, expansion of crack puts pressure on it, which expands outwards or downwards, this process repeats overtime

Question 6

Basil slip

Answer 6

In summer, meltwater lubricates glacier, enabling it to slide downhill

Question 7

Rotational slip

Answer 7

More curved basil slip, happens in corries

Question 8

Gravity

Answer 8

As ice accumulates (through snowfall/avalanche), glacier begins to flow under gravity

Question 9

Glaciers’ movement when it’s too cold for basil slip

Answer 9

When temperatures are too cold for basil slip, glacier moves like plastic + speed is affected by gradient of slope, internal deformation happens here

Question 10

Internal deformation

Answer 10

When individual ice crystals change shape

Question 11

Moraine

Answer 11

Any material carried or moved by glacier, they can be transported on top of, in + below ice

Question 12

Bulldozing

Answer 12

As glacier moves forward, it pushes loose debris at snout forwards

Question 13

Deposition

Answer 13

Occurs when ice melts, which is mostly at snout of glacier, as glacier slowly retreats, it leaves behind till

Question 14

Till/Boulder clay

Answer 14

Bed of broken rock fragments

Question 15

Meltwater rivers

Answer 15

Ahead of glacier, meltwater rivers carry sediment away, attrition happens in these rivers, they deposit well sorted, rounded + sandy/gravelly material, forming outwash

Question 16

Outwash

Answer 16

Well sorted, rounded + sandy/gravely material deposited by meltwater rivers

Question 17

Firn

Answer 17

Really compact ice

Question 18

Corrie

Answer 18

Sheltered hollow on upper slopes of glaciated valley, where valley glaciers begins

Question 19

Formation of a corrie

Answer 19

Snow collects in sheltered hollow on side of mountain, nivation enlarge hollow, enabling more snow to collect, every winter, more snow collects in hollow, which compacts snow + squeezes out air, leaving ice, small corrie glacier has formed, back of wall gets steeper due freeze-thaw weathering + plucking, as glacier gets heavier, it moves downhill + out of hollow due to rotational slip, abrasion also takes place, corrie lip is formed due to less erosion at snout, after glacier has melted, lakes forms in hollow

Question 20

Arête

Answer 20

Knife-edge ridge often found at back of corrie or separating 2 glaciated valleys, normally forms when 2 back to back corries causes land in between to become narrower

Question 21

Pyramidal Peak

Answer 21

When 3 or more corries have formed on mountain, erosion may lead to formation of single peak rather than ridge

Question 22

Glacial Trough/U-shaped valley

Answer 22

Formed by abrasion, most start out as v-shaped valley from rivers + are then eroded by glaciers

Question 23

Truncated Spurs

Answer 23

They’re 2 interlocking spurs where glacier has cut straight through base of them + they’re steep-edged

Question 24

Hanging Valleys

Answer 24

They’re small valleys where smaller glaciers, which were once in these valleys were unable to erode at same rate as main glacier

Question 25

Ribbon Lakes

Answer 25

They’re long + narrow lakes formed due to severe erosion of glacial troughs, which happens as ice becomes thicker after tributary glacier has joined or where there was weaker band of rock

Question 26

Corrie lake/tarn

Answer 26

Lake that forms after corrie glacier has melted

Question 27

Ground Moraine

Answer 27

Material that is dragged underneath glacier + left behind, when ice melts, often forms uneven hilly ground

Question 28

Lateral Moraine

Answer 28

Forms at edge of glacier, it’s most scree material that has fallen off valley sides due to freeze-thaw weathering, when ice melts, lateral (side) moraine forms low ridges on valley side

Question 29

Medial Moraine

Answer 29

When tributary glacier joins main glacier, two lateral (side) moraines will merge to produce single line of sediment that runs down centre of main glacier, on melting, medial moraine forms ridges down centre of valley

Question 30

Terminal Moraine

Answer 30

It’s huge amounts of material that pile up at snout of glacier to form high ridges, often tens of metres in height across valley, represents furthest extent of glacier’s advance

Question 31

Drumlins

Answer 31

Egg-shaped hill that protrudes from ground, they’re made of mounds of deposited moraine that has been streamlined + shaped by moving ice, they have steep side (stoss end) + sloping side (lee slope), lee slope is more pointed + it’s end faces down valley, it indicates direction of movement of glacier, it’s streamlined + more gently sloping as till is dragged down slope by moving ice + it’s tapered end with downwards slope, some drumlins have rock core around them, where till can accumulate, stoss end faces direction ice is coming from, has steep end + is blunter end, ice flow goes from stoss end to lee slope

Question 32

Erratics

Answer 32

They’re large boulders that sit on top of different types of landscapes, often have been transported huge distances by ice + are deposited far from their bedrock origin

Question 33

Ice-Transported Boulders

Answer 33

Similar to erratics but are still found on their bedrock of origin + travel on top of ice

Question 34

The Lake District: Location

Answer 34

Located in North-west of England in Cumbria + it’s along coast for some of it

Question 35

The Lake District: Economic Opportunities

Answer 35

Tourism provides money for economy + jobs for local people, there are lots of adventure activities e.g abseiling, gorge scrambling or rock climbing, Lake District attracts lots of tourists e.g walkers, mountain bikers, fishers, abseilers + many more, who will probably spend their money there

Question 36

Honeypot sites

Answer 36

Places with special interest or appeal that are very popular with visitors + normally tend to be overcrowded at peak times of year

Question 37

The Lake District: Managment

Answer 37

Managing traffic congestion: several dual-carriageways have been built around Lake District to improve access, park-and-ride schemes have been expanded e.g Honister Rambler + transport hubs have been set up e.g Ambleside, which help to create interchange between parking, buses, ferries, walking + cycling, Managing footpath erosion: projects e.g Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project have been set up + have successfully repaired path, created steps, resurfaced paths with local stone + replanted native plants + other charities e.g ‘Fix the Fells’, who are supported by National Trust, use methods like stone-pitching, where large stones are dug into path, to create hard-wearing surfaces

Question 38

The Lake District: Conflict

Answer 38

Jobs in tourism are mostly seasonal, poorly paid + unreliable, house prices are really high + 20% of property is either holiday rental or second homes, tourism creates traffic congestion on roads + tourists’ pollute environment from their vehicles + from boats that they hire/use, which damages ecosystems, tourists create litter, damage footpaths + farmland by trampling on crops + their dogs can disturb sheep + cattle