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Weather and Climate > Weather and Climate: Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Weather and Climate: Ch. 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Boundary between 2 air masses

A

Front

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2
Q

In a front, one air mass is usually _________ and contains more __________

A

warmer; moisture

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3
Q

Warm air gliding up and over a cold air mass

A

Overrunning

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4
Q

Identification on maps:

A
  1. Sharp temperature change
  2. Shift in wind direction
  3. Sharp dew point change
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5
Q

Front with no movement

A

Stationary Front

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6
Q

Winds in a stationary front:

A

parallel but opposite direction, separating warm and cold air

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7
Q

In a cold front, ___ (dominate) replaces ___

A

cP; mT

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8
Q

Shape of a cold front

A

steep, nose shape

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9
Q

Cold fronts move ___% faster than warm fronts

A

50

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10
Q

Characteristics of a Cold Front Before Passage:

A
  • Temp: Warm
  • Humidity: High
  • Winds: S to SW
  • Pressure: Falls
  • Line of thunderstorms in distance
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11
Q

Characteristics of a Cold Front After Passage:

A
  • Temp: drops (cold)
  • Cold air advection
  • Humidity: drops
  • Winds: Shift SW to NW
  • Pressure: Rises and skies clear
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12
Q

If warm is relatively stable in a cold front what type of clouds?

A

Nimbostratus and Altostratus

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13
Q

If warm air is unstable in a cold front…

A

uplift is vigorous and towering Cumulonimbus form

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14
Q

What type of weather comes when warm air is unstable in a cold front?

A

strong gusty winds, hail, or tornadoes

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15
Q

No two cold fronts are exactly _______

A

alike

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16
Q

Some cold fronts pass with _____ in dew points, _____ wind shift

A

drop; slight

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17
Q

In a warm front, ___ (dominate) air overrides ___

A

mT; cP

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18
Q

In a warm front, _______ lifting produce clouds and precipitation

A

gradual

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19
Q

Characteristics of a Warm Front Before Passage:

A
  • Clouds lower and thicken
  • Winds: E or SE
  • Temps: Cool
  • Humidity: Moderate to high
  • Pressure: Falls
  • Precipitation: steady light to moderate - may exceed 24 hours
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20
Q

Winter precipitation in a warm front Before Passage:

A

snow –> sleet –> freezing rain –> rain

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21
Q

What clouds lower and thicken in a warm front Before Passage?

A
  1. Cirrus clouds (600 miles)
  2. Cirrostratus
  3. Altostratus
  4. Stratus
  5. Nimbostratus (180 miles)
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22
Q

Characteristics of a warm front after passage?

A
  • Winds: S or SW
  • Temps: Rise (warm) - Warm Sector
  • Warm air advection
  • Humidity: High
  • Pressure: Rises
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23
Q

Rapidly moving cold front overtakes warm front

A

Occluded Fronts

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24
Q

Later stages of a storm’s life cycle

A

Occluded Front

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25
Q

Separates moist air from dry air

A

Dry Line

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26
Q

Dry Line has a role in ______ weather

A

severe

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27
Q

Synoptic-scale, low pressure system

A

Midlatitude Cyclone

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28
Q

Midlatitude cyclone has a diameter greater than ____ miles

A

600

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29
Q

Midlatitude cyclones travel _____ to _____

A

west to east

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30
Q

Midlatitude cyclones last few days to …

A

over a week

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31
Q

Development begins along polar front

A

Polar Front Theory

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32
Q

Separates cold polar air from warm air

A

Polar Front Theory

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33
Q

Development and strengthening of a storm system

A

Cyclogenesis

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34
Q

Where do Midlatitude Cyclones form?

A

downwind of mountains and along coastlines

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35
Q

All storms tend to converge toward the ___

A

NE

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36
Q

Forms near TX and OK panhandle

A

The Panhandle Hook

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37
Q

Panhandle Hook storms travel ___ and bend and travel sharply __________

A

NE; northward (WI)

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38
Q

Form near CO

A

Colorado Lows

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39
Q

Colorado Lows storms travel ___ and then ___

A

SE; NE

40
Q

When are Colorado Lows most common?

A

fall, winter, and spring

41
Q

East side of Canadian Rockies in winter

A

Alberta Clipper

42
Q

Alberta Clipper brings a _____, ______ storm

A

cold, windy

43
Q

Alberta Clipper storms dive ____ into ________ and across Great Lakes

A

SE into Dakotas

44
Q

Travel from Mid-Atlantic coast to New England

A

Nor’easters

45
Q

When are Nor’easters most frequent and violent

A

September-April

46
Q

Storm that form in the south yield _____ precipitation

A

more

47
Q

Forms that form in the south draw…

A

moisture-rich air from gulf

48
Q

Undergoes explosive development

A

Cyclone Bomb

49
Q

Cyclone bombs drop at least ___ mb in ___ hours

A

24; 24

50
Q

Needed for cyclones and anticyclones to maintain or intensify

A

Convergence and Divergence

51
Q

For a surface LOW to strengthen (deepen), surface LOW must be ______ of ______-level low

A

east (right); upper-level (trough)

52
Q

For a surface LOW to strengthen (deepen), upper level Divergence of air must be ______ than surface Convergence of air

A

greater

53
Q

For a surface HIGH to strengthen (build), upper level Convergence of air must exceed…

A

low-level Divergence of air

54
Q

In Convergence and Divergence, movement controlled by ________ winds at _______ (500 mb) and travel faster in ________ months

A

steering; 18,000’; winter

55
Q

Zone of overunning as mT overtakes cool air

A

N/NE Quadrant

56
Q

E-NE winds are in what quadrant?

A

N/NE Quadrant

57
Q

In what quadrant is it cloudy and precipitation is steady, substanital

A

N/NE Quadrant

58
Q

“Winds out of ____, weather a beast” is a part of the ____ Quadrant

A

east; N/NE

59
Q

What are the quadrants for cyclone weather?

A
  • N/NE Quadrant
  • SE Quadrant
  • SW Quadrant
  • NW Quadrant
60
Q

Mildest air in warm sector of storm is ___ Quadrant

A

SE

61
Q

In which quadrant do south winds advect mT air in northward from Gulf of Mexico?

A

SE Quadrant

62
Q

In the SE Quadrant, skies ______ cloudy and dew points ______

A

partly; high

63
Q

The Terrible Triangle is in __ Quadrant

A

SE

64
Q

There is _______ weather possible in the Terrible Triangle

A

severe

65
Q

Follows cold front to south in ___ Quadrant

A

SW

66
Q

The SW Quadrant has a narrow band of…

A

cumuliform clouds, showers, and thunderstorms (squall line)

67
Q

In the SW Quadrant, there are _____ skies behind ____ front

A

clear; cold

68
Q

Head of comma is in the ___ Quadrant

A

NW

69
Q

The storm is still ________ in the NW Quadrant

A

developing

70
Q

What quadrant has the lowest air temps?

A

NW Quadrant

71
Q

In the NW Quadrant, strong NW winds advect __ or __ southward

A

cP; A

72
Q

Nimbostratus clouds bring rain or snow in the ___ Quadrant

A

NW

73
Q

In a cyclone, coldest air is located to …

A

NW of low center

74
Q

In a cyclone, warmest air is located to …

A

SE of low center

75
Q

Chicago experiences WARM SIDE of storm on track __ of a cyclone

A

A

76
Q

Chicago experiences COLD SIDE of storm on track __ of a cyclone

A

B

77
Q

Center of low to your _____ on Track A

A

north

78
Q

Track A is a mature storm system with passage of fronts:

A
  • Ahead of warm front (#1)
  • Warm front (#2)
  • Cold front (#3)
  • Behind cold front (#4)
79
Q

Center of low _____ of you on Track B

A

south

80
Q

Track B has no _______ passages

A

frontal

81
Q

Track B brings ______ snow or rain (__ hours or more)

A

steady (12 hours or more)

82
Q

The heaviest snowfall on Track B runs parallel about ____ miles to __ of storm track

A

150 miles; NW

83
Q

Track B has gusty __-__ winds shift to __ and ___

A

E-NE; N and NW

84
Q

Skies clear and temps fall on Track __

A

B

85
Q

Anticyclones bring _____ skies and ______ conditions

A

clear; calm

86
Q

Air modifies in Anticyclones:

A
  • NW winds ahead
  • South winds as it moves away
87
Q

Record cold in winter and heat waves in summer

A

Anticyclones

88
Q

Prevent usual west to east movement systems

A

Cutoff Systems

89
Q

Cutoff Systems can persist for ____

A

weeks

90
Q

Example of weather extreme in a cutoff system

A

droughts

91
Q

850 mb chart (1 mile):

A
  • conditions near surface
  • warm and cold air (air mass locations)
92
Q

700 mb chart (2 miles):

A

Steering winds for thunderstorms

93
Q

500 mb chart (18,000’):

A

Forecast direction of Midlatitude cyclone

94
Q

When was the “Storm of the Century”, most massive and disruptive MLC storm in US history

A

1993

95
Q

Where was the “Storm of the Century”?

A

Eastern 1/3 of country

96
Q

“Storm of the Century” produced greatest distribution of significant _____ in modern times

A

snow

Weather and Climate (11 decks)

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