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Skywest Interview > Weather > Flashcards

Weather Flashcards

1
Q

METAR TYPES

A

Normal- scheduled observation taken at the end of each hour

SPECI- observation taken at an unscheduled time due to certain criteria like low visibility, low clouds, frozen precipitation or thunderstorms

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2
Q

VC vs. DSNT on METAR

A

VC- METAR weather is reported within 5-10 NM of station

DSNT- weather is reported greater than 10 NM from station

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3
Q

TAFs- Terminal Area Forecast

A
  • Issued every 6 hours for a 24 or 30 hr period
  • 5 SM from center of airport
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4
Q

METAR reading- BCFG

A

Patches of fog

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5
Q

METAR reading- BLSN

A

Blowing snow

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6
Q

METAR reading- +TSRA

A

Thunderstorm with heavy rain

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7
Q

METAR reading- VV003

A

Vertical visibility 300 ft

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8
Q

METAR reading- R35L/5000

A

RVR for runway 35L is 5000’ as seen from cockpit

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9
Q

METAR reading- 350V040

A

Winds are variable between 350 degrees and 040 degrees

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10
Q

M01/M01

A

Temp is -1 degree and dew point is -1 degrees.
Meaning Fog (possibly freezing fog) low visibility is expected

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11
Q

AO2

A

Automated observation with precipitation discrimination sensor.

AO1 cannot detect type of precipitation.

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12
Q

B & E on METAR/TAF

A

Began & End

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13
Q

BC

A

Patches

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14
Q

BL

A

Blowing

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15
Q

BR

A

Mist

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16
Q

DR

A

Low Drifting

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17
Q

DS

A

Dust Storms

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18
Q

DU

A

Dust

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19
Q

DZ

A

Drizzle

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20
Q

FC and +FC

A

FC- Funnel Cloud

+FC- well developed funnel cloud like a tornado or waterspout

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21
Q

FG

A

Fog

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22
Q

FU

A

Smoke

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23
Q

FZ

A

Freezing

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24
Q

GR Hail

A

Greater than 5 mm in diameter

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25
Q

GS Small Hail/Snow Pellets

A

Less than 5 mm in diameter

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26
Q

HZ

A

Haze

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27
Q

IC

A

Ice Crystals

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28
Q

MI

A

Shallow

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29
Q

PL

A

Ice Pellets

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30
Q

PO

A

Well developed dust/sand whirls

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31
Q

PR

A

Partial

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32
Q

PY

A

Spray

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33
Q

RA

A

Rain

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34
Q

SA

A

Sand

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35
Q

SG

A

Snow Grains

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36
Q

SH

A

Showers

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37
Q

SN

A

Snow

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38
Q

SQ

A

Moderate squalls

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39
Q

SS

A

Sandstorm

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40
Q

TS

A

Thunderstorm

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41
Q

UP

A

Unknown Precipitation

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42
Q

VA

A

Volcanic Ash

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43
Q

VC

A

In the vicinity of

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44
Q

-
+
P
M
B
E

A
  • Light
    + Heavy
    P More than
    M Less than
    B Began
    E Ended
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45
Q

BKN

A

Broken cloud layer 5/8ths to 7/8ths

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46
Q

CB

A

Cumulonimbus

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47
Q

CLR

A

Sky clear at or below 12,000 AGL

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48
Q

FEW

A

Few cloud layer 0/8ths to 2/8ths

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49
Q

OVC

A

Overcast cloud layer 8/8ths coverage

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50
Q

SCT

A

Scattered cloud layer 3/8ths to 4/8ths

51
Q

SKC

A

Sky Clear

52
Q

TCU

A

Towering Cumulus

53
Q

AMD

A

Amended forecast

54
Q

AUTO

A

Without human editing

55
Q

BECMG

A

BECMG 0002 = becoming from 00 to 02 Zulu

56
Q

CAVU

A

Ceiling and visibility unlimited

57
Q

COR

A

Correction

58
Q

DSNT

A

Distant weather

59
Q

FM

A

From - FM 0200 = from 0200 Zulu the weather is reporting the following

60
Q

FROPA

A

Frontal Passage

61
Q

LTG

A

Lightning

62
Q

LDG

A

Landing

63
Q

M

A

Minus, below 0, less than

64
Q

NO

A

Not Available

65
Q

NSW

A

No significant weather

66
Q

P6SM

A

Plus 6 SM, greater than or more than

67
Q

PK WND

A

Peak Wind

68
Q

PRESFR/PRESRR

A

Pressure falling or rising rapidly

69
Q

PROB40

A

Probability of 40%

70
Q

RVRNO

A

Runway visual range not available

71
Q

SLP (SLP140)

A

Sea Level Pressure- add 10 to numbers given
Ex. SLP140 = 1014.0
1013.2 mb is std.

72
Q

TEMPO

A

Temporary
TEMPO 0002 = temporarily 00 to 02 Zulu

73
Q

T02560179

A

Temperature 25.6, Dew point 17.9

74
Q

TWR VIS

A

Tower visibility

75
Q

V

A

Varying

76
Q

VV

A

Vertical visibility, indefinite ceiling

77
Q

WS

A

Wind Shear

78
Q

WSHFT

A

Wind Shift

79
Q

With an altimeter setting of 29.85, what is the lowest usable flight level?

A

FL185, per 91.121 (b) chart (see 91.121 altimeter settings page)

80
Q

Stages of a Thunderstorm

A
  1. Cumulus- updrafts
  2. Mature- rain, updrafts/downdrafts, wind shear, hail, turbulence
  3. Dissipating- all downdrafts
81
Q

What is needed for a thunderstorm to form?

A
  1. Unstable atmosphere - warm column of air rising faster than the std. lapse rate, continuing the raising
  2. Lifting action- fronts, terrain, thermals
  3. Moisture
82
Q

Where does most of weather occur?

A

Troposphere

83
Q

What causes weather?

A

Temperature- Unequal heating of earths atmosphere

Warm air- less dense- allows for more movement
Cold air- more dense- more stable

84
Q

What stage of a TS would you most likely encounter an anvil top?

A

Mature stage- Anvil top extends out in front of the direction of the storm. Hail is a possibility below/around an Anvil

85
Q

If the Anvil top is pointed left, what way is the TS moving? Which way would you try to fly around the storm? How many NM?

A
  1. Moving in direction of Anvil (Left)
  2. Fly upwind at least 20NM
86
Q

What are the effects and indications of Virga?

A
  1. Virga is precipitation falling that evaporates before reaching the ground.
  2. An indication of downdrafts/microbursts beneath and around the surface. Why? Evaporative cooling- when rain evaporates it cools the air—> colder air/heavier/more dense air slams into the ground
87
Q

Types of Fog

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Advection
  3. Upslope
  4. Freezing
  5. Precipitation-Induced
  6. Steam
  7. Valley
  8. Ice
88
Q

Radiation Fog

A

Calm air, cool nights. Ground cools faster than overlying air, cooling air to its dew point.

89
Q

Advection Fog

A

Coast/Horizontal winds. Warm moist air blows over cooler dry land, cooling air to its dew point.
Ex. San Francisco

90
Q

Upslope Fog

A

Forms adiabatically. Moist air blows up a slope, cooling to its dew point as it raises.

91
Q

Precipitation-Induced Fog

A

Rain falling through cold air evaporates, evaporative cooling leads to saturation.

92
Q

Steam Fog

A

Ex. Lakes in cooler seasons
Calm dry air over warmer water conducts temperature. Air becomes moist and then cools quicker than the water to its dew point.

93
Q

Freezing Fog

A

Air temps at or below freezing. Moisture in the air freezes and becomes visible.

94
Q

Valley Fog

A

Moist soil from previous precipitation. Air becomes moist then cools to dew point.

95
Q

Ice Fog

A

Mostly occurs at polar regions or areas of extreme low temps.

96
Q

What is the significance of the temperature/dewpoint spread?

A

A temperature/dewpoint spread that equals or close together means the air is nearly 100% saturated.
Ex. Clouds, fog, mist, low visibility

97
Q

Describe a microburst

A

A microburst is a powerful downdraft of a column of air (associated with thunderstorms). Once that downdraft reaches the ground, it spreads out in all directions causing a wind change as you fly through. Hazardous to aircraft landing and taking off.

98
Q

What are the aircraft indications of a microburst?

A

When flying into a microburst with a headwind- IAS & Climb increases. Once through the headwind, it switches to a tailwind- IAS & Lift decrease causing a stall quickly and low to the ground.

99
Q

How do you escape a microburst?

A

Continue straight ahead, max power, Vx climb, monitor airspeed and avoid stalling

100
Q

What is wind shear?

A

An abrupt change in wind speed or direction. Can cause turbulence or loss of control.

101
Q

When can you accumulate ice?

A

When there is visible moisture and temps are near or below freezing.

102
Q

What are the different types of ice?

A
  1. Clear
  2. Rime
  3. Mixed
103
Q

Clear Ice

A

Glossy, clear ice formed by slow freezing of super cooled water as it flows over the wings.
- forms between 2 and -10 degrees Celsius

104
Q

Rime Ice

A

Rough, milky, opaque ice that instantly freezes. Very rapid freezing of super cooled droplets as they strike the wing.
- Low temps, lesser amounts of liquid water, low velocities, and small droplets form rime ice.

105
Q

Mixed Ice

A

Mixed is a combination of clear and rime ice on the same surface.

106
Q

Induction Icing

A

Forms around the air inlet of turbine engines and can damage compressor blades.

107
Q

Structural Icing

A

Forms on an aircraft’s lift generating surfaces, disrupts smooth airflow, decreases lift and increases drag

108
Q

What temperature difference between dew point and air temp would result in fog?

A

5 degrees or less between the two

109
Q

What does ICE do to a wing?

A

Changes the shape of the wing, causing airflow to become disrupted.
-Decreases lift and increases drag.

110
Q

When does FROST occur?

A

Frost will occur when the collecting surface temperature is at or below the dew point of the air and the dew point is below freezing.

111
Q

What weather is associated with a COLD front and WARM front?

A

Cold- forms when cooler air displaces warmer air from below, forcing the warm air to rise. — cumuliform clouds, heavy showers, fast moving, thunderstorms. (LOW pressure system)
Warm- forms when a moist, warm air mass slides up and over a cold air mass. — stratiform clouds, low visibility, widespread rain. Can bring gentle rain or light snow, followed by warmer/mild weather. (HIGH pressure system)

112
Q

‼️‼️ How are Lenticular clouds formed?

A

“Ocean Waves” above a mountain top- Winds at the top of a cloud layer are moving faster than the layer below.

-They form when moisture is being transported over the top of a mountain in a stable layer of atmosphere.

-Indicative of turbulence and wind shear

113
Q

In standard atmosphere, what is the speed of sound?

A

741.4 MPH

114
Q

Thunderstorms should be avoided by how many miles?

A

20 miles

115
Q

How long is a TAF valid for? How many times/day is it released?

A

24 or 30 hrs
Released 4 times a day. 00z, 06z, 12z, 18z

116
Q

When is filing an alternate required? What weather must your alternate have?

A

1-2-3 rule: 1 hr before or after ETA, WX must be 2000 ft ceilings and 3 SM visibility. If not, then an alternate is required.
Alternate must have weather (800/2) for non-precision & (600/2) for precision.

117
Q

What risks are associated with Thunderstorms and how do you avoid them?

A

Microbursts and hail.

118
Q

How long can a microburst last for and how many miles can they take up?

A

Around 15 min from the time it strikes the ground until dissipation.
Horizontal winds continue to increase during the first 5 min with max winds lasting 2-4 min in a 2.5 mile radius.

119
Q

On a TAF if there is a TEMPO line what weather does it resort back to after tempo is over?

A

The main line before the tempo.

120
Q

What fronts are associated with a microburst?

A

Cold front

121
Q

Can you overfly a thunderstorm?

A

Never plan to. But yes, suggested 1000ft for every 10 kts of movement.

122
Q

TEMPO- what does it mean to us?

A

TEMPO change in wx, expected to last less than an hour at any given time.
Occurs during a total or less than half the time period of the TAF.

123
Q

What is a mountain wave?

A

Oscillations of wind perpendicular to the ridge of the mountain. Can cause loss of altitude, airspeed fluctuations and turbulence.

Skywest Interview (8 decks)

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