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weaknesses biopsych Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a gland?

A

an organ that synthesises hormones

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2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical substance that targets organs

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3
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

master gland that controls other hormones

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4
Q

how does the fight or flight response occur?

A 
stimulus is detected 
aroused sympathetic state 
physical changes occur 
adrenaline released
parasympathetic back to its resting state
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5
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

brain signals released from synaptic vesicles relay signals

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6
Q

what does the somatic branch of the nervous system control?

A

muscle movement

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7
Q

what does the automatic branch of the nervous system control?

A

vital functions such as digestion and breathing rate

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8
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

specialised cell network that collects, processes and responds to information, and co ordinates organs

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9
Q

what is the role of the sensory neuron?

A

transmits information from the PNS to the CNS

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10
Q

what is the structure of the sensory neuron?

A

long dendrites

short axons

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11
Q

what is the structure of the relay neuron?

A

short dendrites

short axons

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12
Q

what is the role of the motor neuron?

A

transmits messages from the CNS to the effector

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13
Q

what is the structure of a motor neuron?

A

short dendrites

long axons

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14
Q

what is the job of a dendrite?

A

carries nerve impulses

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15
Q

what is the charge of a neuron when it is resting?

A

negative

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16
Q

what is the charge of a neuron when it is activated?

A

positive

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17
Q

what is an action potential?

A

electrical impulse- charge goes from negative to positive for a split second

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18
Q

what model can be used to describe synaptic transmission?

A

lock and key

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19
Q

how are signals between neurons transmitted?

A

chemically

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20
Q

how are signals within neurons transmitted?

A

electrically

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21
Q

where is Broca’s area located?

A

in the frontal lobe

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22
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

temporal lobe

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23
Q

where is the motor area located?

A

frontal lobe

24
Q

where is the somatosensory area located?

A

parietal lobe

25
Q

where is the visual area located?

A

occipital lobe

26
Q

where is the auditory area located?

A

temporal lobe

27
Q

what is the haemodynamic response?

A

when a more active area of the brain consumes more oxygen

28
Q

what is an EEG scan?

A

electrical activity in the brain measured by electrodes fixed to an individual’s scalp using a skull cap

29
Q

what is an ERP scan?

A

statistical analysis of EEG looks at brain’s electrophysical response to a cognitive/motor event

30
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

where rarely used connections are deleted and frequently used connections are strengthened

31
Q

when do synaptic connections peak?

A

around age 2

32
Q

what did Maguire find when researching brain plasticity?

A

looked at London taxi drivers
who take a test called the Knowledge- assesses street recall
more grey matter in posterior hippocampus
develops spatial and navigational skills
the longer in the job, the bigger the difference

33
Q

what happened in Aschoff and Wever’s study into biological rhythms?

A

participants spent 4 weeks in a WW2 bunker
had no natural light
for all but one participants their natural circadian rhythms remained at 24-25 hours

34
Q

what happened in Folkard et al’s study into biological rhythms?

A

cave study that lasted 3 weeks
turned back clocks
only one participant adjusted to the 22 hour sleep/wake cycle

35
Q

what are the waves called in sleep for stage 1?

A

alpha

36
Q

what are the waves called in sleep for stage 2?

A

theta

37
Q

what are the waves called in sleep for stage 3?

A

delta

38
Q

what happened in Stern and McClintock’s study?

A

29 women with a history of irregular periods
samples of pheremones gathered via cotton pad under the arm
rubbed onto the upper lip of participants
68% experienced changes to their cycle which bought them closer to their odour donor

39
Q

what are the causes of Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

depressive disorder onset seasonally
melatonin secretion lasts longer due to a lack of light in the mornings
affects serotonin production

40
Q

what happened in Draginski’s study?

A

studied the brains of medical students 3 months before and after their final exams
learning induced changes in the posterior hippocampus

41
Q

what is functional recovery?

A

transfer functions usually performed by damaged areas

42
Q

what is axonal sprouting?

A

growth of new nerve endings connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neuron pathways

43
Q

what is reformation of blood vessels?

A

the blood vessels are reformed to help the brain functions in affected areas

44
Q

what is recruitment of homologous areas?

A

similar areas on opposite sides of the brain are recruited to perform similar tasks

45
Q

why was the corpus collosum separated in split brain patients?

A

to reduce epilepsy

46
Q

what happened in Sperry’s split brain research?

A

image was projected to the right visual field and the same/a different image was projected to the left visual field

47
Q

what happened in split brain research during describe what you see?

A

picture was presented to the patients left or right visual field, and had to describe what they could see

48
Q

what were the results for describe what you see?

A

in the right visual field the patient could describe what they saw
in the left visual field the participnt often reported that there was nothing present

49
Q

what happened in split brain research during tactile test?

A

participants were given an object in their left or right hand, had to describe what they felt or select a similar object

50
Q

what were the results for tactile test?

A

in the right hand the patiend could verbally identify what they felt
in the left hand the participant could not describe what they felt but could idenitify a similar object

51
Q

what happened in drawing task in split brain research?

A

participants saw a picture in the left or right visual field
had to describe what they saw

52
Q

what were the results for drawing task?

A

the right hand attempted but failed to draw the image

left hand was consistently clearer even though all participants were right handed

53
Q

what are endogenous pacemakers?

A

internal body clocks that regulate many of our biological rhythms

54
Q

what are exogenous zeitgebers?

A

external cues that may affect or entrain our biological rhythms

55
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

bundle of nerve cells located in the hypothalamus, primary endogenous pacemaker which influences circadian rhythms

56
Q

how does the suprachiasmatic nucleus process light?

A

receives information about light from the eyes, which has been processed by the visual area in the occipital lobe
relayed to the SCN via the optic chiasm between hemispheres
processes information and triggers different rates of melatonin release from the pineal gland
increase in melatonin decreases serotonin levels

weaknesses psych (3 decks)

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