approaches ao1 weaknesses Flashcards
what was psychology initially?
experimental philosophy
what is the order the approaches were developped in?
psychodynamic behaviourist human cognitive social learning biological cognitive neuroscience
how does introspection work?
break down conscious thoughts
used controlled methods and tried to be scientific
what approach was Watson involved in?
Behaviourist approach
why did Watson reject introspection?
subjective, should look at things that are observable and measurable
what did Descartes contribute to early psychology?
Cartesian dualism- the idea that the mind and body are separated from each other
what did Locke contribute to early psychology?
empericism- the idea that all experience is obtained through the senses, and we do not inherit knowledge or instinct
what year was Wundt’s psychology lab opened?
1879
what did Darwin contribute to early psychology?
evolution/survival of the fittest
what methodology does behaviourism use?
lab experiments
what is vicarious reinforcement?
reinforcement that occurs after watching someone else complete a behaviour
what is identification?
observer associates themselves with a role model, and models their behaviour
what is indirect learning?
where we can learn by observing other’s behaviour and seeing the consequences
how can the brain be described using a computer model?
brain= central processing unit
coding
store information
how does the cognitive approach suggest internal mental processes can be studied?
can and should be studied scientifically
indirect so make inferences
what type of schemas are babies born with?
simple motor schemas
what age is the ego formed?
2
what age is the superego formed?
5
what are the 5 psychosexual stages?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
describe the oral stage
0-1 years
mouth= object of pleasure
breast= object of desire
unresolved conflict= oral fixation, eg) smoking or biting nails
describe the anal stage
1-3 years
object of pleasure= anus
pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces
unresolved conflict= anal retentive- perfectionist and obsessive, anal expulsive- thoughtless and messy
describe the phallic stage
3-5 years
focus of pleasure= genital area
Oedipus and Electra complex
unresolved conflict= phallic personality (narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual)
describe latency
earlier conflicts are repressed
describe the genital stage
sexual desires along the onset of puberty
unresolved conflict= difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
what is repression?
forcing a distressing memory out of the mind
what is denial?
refusing to acknowledge reality
what is displacement?
transferring feelings from a true source to a substitute target
what happened in the case study of Little Hans?
Hans developed a fear of horses after seeing one collapse in the street
Freud suggested phobia was form of displacement where his repressed fear of his father was displaced onto horses
symbolic representation of castration anxiety in Oedipus complex
what is self actualisation?
growing psychologically and fulfilling one’s potential
which researchers are involved in the humanistic approach?
Rogers and Maslow
