aggression ao1 weaknesses Flashcards
who proposed the Limbic System as associated with aggression?
Papez and Maclean
what are the parts of the Limbic System?
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus etc
who did an experiment to see the effect of the Limbic System?
Gospic et al
what happened in Gospic et al’s study?
ultimatum game
looked at the effect using fMRI scans
saw a fast and heightened version by the amygdala after rejections
what was the effect of a Benzodiazepine drug on the Limbic System?
halved the number of rejections
what is the effect of normal serotonin levels on aggression?
normal levels of serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex
reduced firing
associated with greater self control
what did Virkunnen et al find out about serotonin?
looked at the levels of serotonin in violent and non violent offenders
lower levels in impulsive offenders, they also had irregular sleep
what does the MAOA gene break down?
serotonin
what did Frazetto et al find about gene environment interractions?
association between antisocial aggression and low MAOA gene
only when experienced a traumatic event in the first 15 years of life
diatheses stress approach
what was the concordance rate for verbal aggression in monozygotic twins?
19%
who researchered adoption studies?
Rhee and Waldman
what percentage do genetic influences have in aggression?
41%
what are the 6 features of fixed action patterns?
universal innate response to a sign stimulus stereotyped ballistic unaffected by learning
how is aggression adaptive?
defeated animal is rarely killed
moves elsewhere which reduces competition pressure
why do male chimpanzees exhibit aggression?
to get to the top of the dominance hierachy
what did Pettit et al find out about aggression?
studied child play groups
observed children having dominance over others to establish dominance hierachies
what did Lorenz find out about ritualistic aggression?
intraspecies aggression ends with ritual appeasement displays
inhibits further aggression
who proposed the frustration aggression hypothesis?
Dollard
what is catharsis?
sense of relief after aggression, as we have released a biological drive
what are environmental cues?
aggressive cues in the environment that make aggression more likely
what happened in Berkowitz’s study into environmental cues?
students were given electric shocks in a laboratory situation
then they had the chance to give electric shocks to a confederate
either 2 guns present or no guns present
gave higher electric shocks when 2 guns were present
known as the weapon effect
who proposed mate retention strategies?
Wilson and Daly
what did Wilson et find in a study of mate retention strategies?
women who reported mate retention strategies were twice as likely to have suffered physical violence
what did Shackleford et al do to find out about inmate partner violence?
got participants (married couples) to complete questionnaires
men completed the Mate Retention Inventory which assesses mate retention strategies
women completed Spouse Influence Report which looks at the influence of their partner’s violence in their relationship
what did Shackleford find out about inmate partner violence?
positive correlation between men’s mate retention strategies and the physical violence their partner had experienced
why does bullying occur?
due to a power imbalance
how is bullying advantageous?
promotes own health and creates reproductive opportunities
what does Volk argue about bullying?
the characteristics associated with bullying behaviour are attractive to females
in males- suggests dominance and strength
males therefore have greater reproductive success
when does female bullying occur?
within a relationship- method of controlling a partner
helps secure a partner’s fidelity
naturally selected due to reproductive success
who proposed deindividuation?
LeBon
who proposed the deindividuated and individuated state?
Zimbardo
who proposed public and private self awareness?
Prentice-Dunn and Rogers
what did Dodd find out about aggression?
229 undergraduate students
asked participants ‘If you could do anything possible and wouldn’t be found out, what would you do?’
only 9% prosocial responses
most common response was rob a bank
who proposed the deprivation model?
Clemmer
who researched the deprivation model?
Steiner
why does the prison environment lead to violence?
stressful and creates frustration
what did DeLisi find when researching the importation model?
studied 813 juvenile delinquents in Californian insitutions
had negative dispositional factors such as childhood trauma and substance abuse
more likely to engage in suicidal activity and sexual misconduct, committed more violent actions than a control group with fewer dispostional factors
who conducted a meta analysis for computer games?
Anderson
what did Anderson’s meta analysis of computer games find?
136 studies
looked at the exposure to violent media
was associated with aggressive behaviour
true for males/females in individualistic/collectivist cultures
who conducted an experimental study for computer games?
Bartholow and Anderson
what happened in Bartholow and Anderson’s experimental study?
participants played either a violent or non violent computer game
carried out the Taylor Competitive Reaction Time Task
deliver blasts of white noise to a non existent opponent
those who played the violent game selected significantly higher noise levels compared to non violent players
who carried out a correlational study for computer games?
DeLisi
what happened in DeLisi’s correlational study for computer games?
studied 227 juvenile offenders
history of aggressive behaviours
offender’s aggressive correlated with how often they played violent computer games and how much they enjoyed them
who carried out a longitudnal study for computer games?
Robertson et al
what happened in Robertson et al’s study for computer games?
studied TV watching habits for 26 years
time spent watching TV was a reliable predictor of aggressive behaviour in adulthood
time spent watching rather than what was watched
what is desensitisation?
where repeated exposure to violent media means that people become habituated to its effects
stimulus has a diminishing impact on the sympathetic nervous system
what happened in Weisz and Earls study into desensitisation?
showed participants sexual violent films and non sexual violent films
males who watched the violent sexual film displayed less sympathy to the rape victim and were less likely to find the defendent guilty in a mock rape trial
what is disinhibition?
restraints against aggressive behaviours are weakened after exposure to violent mdeia
portrays violence as justified
what is cognitive priming?
Huesmann=
violent media acts as a script for aggression in memory
triggered by environmental cues
what did Fischer and Greitemeyer find out about cognitive priming?
participants listened to songs with derogatory lyrics about the opposite gender
compared to neutral lyrics, listed more negative qualities about the opposite gender
