Weak Points Midterm

Question 1

Incubation

Answer 1

Pathogen replicates no symptoms rapid or slow onset

Question 2

Prodromal

Answer 2

Symptoms become detectable

Question 3

Acute

Answer 3

Tissue damage inflm dt toxins from pathogens being released at lysis. Most severe symptoms

Question 4

Convalescent

Answer 4

Body continues to rid pathogen inf plateaus symptoms decrease

Question 5

Resolution

Answer 5

Pathogen absolutely eliminated no present symptoms

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

Diff shape size arrangement cells. Faulty tissue. Can progress to anaplasia. Increased mitosis index. Pre cancerous

Question 7

Necrosis

Answer 7

Cell death dt injury. Abnormal. Initiates inflammatory response.

Question 8

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 8

Lots of fibrinogen and other components. Sticky mesh

Question 9

Membranous exudate

Answer 9

Dev of mucous membrane. Necrotic cells in fibropurulent exudate

Question 10

CRP

Answer 10

Hepatic protein produced in response to inflm. Serum marker. Has a role via complement. Increased levels in atherosclerosis

Question 11

NSAIDS for tx of inflm

Answer 11

Decreases prostaglandin synthesis which decreases pain

Question 12

Steroidal anti inflammatory for tx inflm

Answer 12

Decrease cap perm, decrease wbc and mast cells to site, decrease prostaglandin and histamine release

Question 13

Shock is

Answer 13

Acute hypoperfusion leading to hypoxia

Question 14

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 14

Dt severe allergic reaction. Systemic edema dt increased perm. Fluid lost from blood to tissues = hypovolemia = circulatory failure

Question 15

Mediators released by mast cells during anaphylaxis do what

Answer 15

Work on SM of bvs and resp tract. Cause vasoconstriction of resp tract = broncho spasm

Question 16

Septic shock dt

Answer 16

Severe infection. Becomes systemic dt multiple infections and many mediators being released and circulating throughout body.

Vasodilatory = hypotension = hypoperfusion = shock

Causes systemic inflm and multiple organ dysfx

Question 17

Aneurysms caused by

Answer 17

Degenerative change in BV wall (congenital defects, trauma, atherosclerosis) causing localized dilation of an artery

Question 18

Common sites for aneurysms

Answer 18

Abd/thoracic aorta, femoral artery, Iliad and popliteal

Question 19

Saccular
Fusiform
Dissecting

Answer 19

1 sided
Entire circumference
Blood flows Btwn 2 layers bulge

Question 20

Complications of aneurysms

Answer 20

Pressure to surrounding
Rupture hemmorhagging
Clotting - thrombosis = distal emboli satin

Question 21

Tx of angina

Answer 21

Decreased activity, nitroglycerin

Question 22

When is nitro used

Answer 22

Tx of angina, not used DURING AN MI, but used post MI to prevent risk of having another

Question 23

If unstable plaque ruptured

Answer 23

Thrombosis- platelets aggregate - PG release - vasopasm

Question 24

Stable angina causes what kind of pain

Answer 24

Transient

Question 25

Variant/vasopastic angina

Answer 25

Not caused by atherosclerosis but a thrombus. Happens at rest nocturnally. No known cause. Dt spasm of coronary artery

Question 26

2 types of MI

Answer 26

Subendocardial (Inner 1/3-1/2 v wall. Distal occlusion in coronary branches) Transmural (Entire v wall. 1 proximal artery occluded)

Question 27

DX of mi

Answer 27

ECG abnormalities (ST seg, T wave inversion) Myoglobin CKMB (cardiac muscle specific ez) Troponin I & T (elevates first)

Question 28

Meds to tx mi

Answer 28

Thrombolytics (break up clot, pieces circulate) Antiarrythmics (bring rhythm back that was lost dt met acidosis) Anticoagulants (prevents platelet aggregation, clot can not grow)

Question 29

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 29

Cardiac muscle disorder

Question 30

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 30

Excessive hyper trophy of CM in v wall. Inc wall thickness dec chamber size dec vol into chamber Thick IV septum

Question 31

Hyp. Cardiomyopathy et

Answer 31

50% autosomal dominant (genetic) 50% idiopathic

Question 32

Symptoms of hyp cardiomyopathy if they occur are Tx

Answer 32

Dyspnea, angina, syncope, palpitations, sudden death Negative inotropes, alcohol septal ablation

Question 33

Dilated/congestive cardiomyopathy

Answer 33

V wall enlargement (heart walls stretched) Weak contraction Decreased stroke volume Alcohol abuse implicated

Question 34

Restricted cardiomyopathy

Answer 34

Rigid v walls. Muscle cannot contract or relax, incomplete filling - dec CO. Leads to CHF

Question 35

Arrhythmia occur in only diseases hearts. t or f

Answer 35

F Also in normal hearts

Question 36

Et of arrhythmias

Answer 36

Heart defects, ischemia, mi, drugs, fluid/electrolyte imbalance (effects resting membrane potential), acid base imbalance

Question 37

Atrial flutter

Answer 37

Reg rhythm, increased rate. Atrial tachycardia 300 Bpm. Ventricles tachy 150. A:v 2:1

Question 38

Atrial fibrillation

Answer 38

Spontaneous episode of irregular chaotic contractions 400-600 Bpm. ventricles irregular and rapid 80-180

Question 39

Heart block

Answer 39

Atria fill and empty properly, but conduction of impulses from a to v abn or absent

Question 40

Degrees of heart block

Answer 40

1st: delayed connection. Reg rhythm. Impulse passed but delayed 2nd: some signals conducted, some not. Intermittent failure of conduction 3rd: no conduction Btwn a and v. Nodal cells in v create new pacemaker. A and v have separate rhythms.

Question 41

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer 41

Quivering of v. No cont. can cause death in minutes

Question 42

Tx of arrhythmias

Answer 42

Based on type and if needed. Drugs Defibrillation (clears all electrical activity in heart to reinstate normal sinus rhythm) Sx (ablation of infarcts area that is causing arrhythmia, or pacemaker)

Question 43

Valvular disease et

Answer 43

Age (degenerative change), valve trauma (inf) ischemic change, congenital defects

Question 44

Damage to valves causes either

Answer 44

Stenosis: stiff valve, narrow orifice, flow impeded Incompetence: distorted valves. Improper closure. Regurgitation

Question 45

Tx of valvular disease

Answer 45

Goal to maintain improve fx valves to prevent failure Sx replacement

Question 46

5 steps in disease course

Answer 46

``` Incubation Prodromal Acute Convalescent Resolution ```