WDZ_2 Flashcards
A situation requiring a choice between multiple options
- Decision Problem
A conscious choice among identified options
- Decision
- Types of Decisions:
o Based on Conditions:
Certainty: Outcomes are known.
Risk: Probabilities can be assigned to outcomes.
Uncertainty: Probabilities are unknown.
o Based on Weight:
Strategic: Long-term, high-level decisions.
Operational: Short-term, day-to-day decisions.
Certainty: Outcomes are known.
Risk: Probabilities can be assigned to outcomes.
Uncertainty: Probabilities are unknown.
o Based on Conditions:
Strategic: Long-term, high-level decisions.
Operational: Short-term, day-to-day decisions.
o Based on Weight:
A framework for analyzing strategic interactions between decision-makers.
- Game Theory
Decision-making in situations where outcomes depend on uncontrollable factors (e.g., weather, market conditions).
- Games Against Nature
A table showing the potential outcomes for different decisions and states of nature.
- Payoff Matrix
A visual tool to represent decision-making processes and outcomes.
- Decision Tree
beauty of nature
o Universal
appreciation for different musical styles
o Cultural
styles and trends within groups
o Social
individual preferences
Personal
Focuses on definitions
o Philosophy
Focuses on profit and market equilibrium
o Economics
Focuses on customer satisfaction
o Marketing
Focuses on engineering and manufacturing
o Operations Management
is a method for implementing quality across an organization. It’s considered the foundation for many modern quality management approaches. The term “total quality” was first used in 1969. TQM emphasizes customer satisfaction and employee involvement in quality improvement.
TQM (Total Quality Management)
that considers customer needs, community expectations, and organizational goals. Aims to achieve efficiency and cost-effectiveness by maximizing employee potential for continuous improvement.
A management philosophy
- Helps identify potential causes of a problem.
- Useful for brainstorming and organizing ideas.
- Also called the fishbone diagram due to its skeletal structure.
- Steps to create a _______:
o Define the problem.
o Brainstorm major categories of causes (using 5M+E tool).
o Identify specific causes within each category.
o Ask “why” to delve deeper into root causes.
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
A tool to categorize potential causes of a problem:
o Manpower - Skills and behaviors of employees.
o Machine - Equipment used in production or service delivery.
o Method - Processes for production or service delivery.
o Material - Raw materials and components used.
o Measurement - Inspection and data collection methods.
o Environment - External factors beyond control.
5M+E - Characteristics
- Skills and behaviors of employees.
o Manpower
Equipment used in production or service delivery.
o Machine
Processes for production or service delivery.
o Method
Raw materials and components used.
o Material
Inspection and data collection methods.
o Measurement
External factors beyond control
Environment
- Histogram or stem-and-leaf plot
- Pareto chart
- Couse-and-effect diagram
- Flow chart
- Scatter diagram
- Control chart
Six Major Tools
is a Japanese philosophy focused on continuous improvement. It involves everyone in an organization, from top management to frontline workers. ____ emphasizes small, incremental changes to improve efficiency and quality. It contrasts with the Western focus on innovation, often involving larger, more disruptive changes.
Kaizen
- Muda: Any activity that adds no value to a product or service.
- Overproduction: Producing more than needed.
- Waiting Time: Idle time for customers or employees.
- Transportation: Unnecessary movement of materials or products.
- Processing: Unnecessary steps in a process.
- Motion: Unnecessary movement of people or equipment.
- Defects: Errors or mistakes that lead to rework or scrap.
- Inventory: Excess stock that ties up resources.
The 7 Wastes
Teamwork
Self- Discipline
Improved Morale
Quality Circles
Improvement Suggestions
KAIZEN
Elimination of Waste
5S framework
Standardization
Unreasonable burden on people or machines…
Muri
Un-level workloads on people or machines…
Mura
Any form of Waste in the process…
Muda
Producing more than needed.
- Overproduction
Idle time for customers or employees.
- Waiting Time
Unnecessary movement of materials or products.
- Transportation
Unnecessary steps in a process.
Processing
Unnecessary movement of people or equipment
- Motion
Errors or mistakes that lead to rework or scrap.
- Defects
Excess stock that ties up resources
- Inventory
is a computer-based system for managing inventory and production planning.
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
- It helps answer three key questions:
o What is needed?
o How much is needed?
o When is it needed?
- MRP uses a _____ to define the structure of a product and its components. The ___ is often visualized as a product structure tree. MRP helps ensure that the right materials are available at the right time to meet production needs.
Bill of Materials (BOM)
