TAK Flashcards
Computer techniques and architecture
before the advent of universal, electronic digital machines
Generation O
computers built based on vacuum tubes
Generation 1
computers built based on transistors
Generation 2
computers built based on small or medium-scale TTL integrated circuits
Generation 3
computers built based on high-scale integration of microprocessors
Generation 4
computers built based on unconventional solutions
Generation 5
it’s a law formulated in 1965 by Gordon Moore, which in its original form says thet the number of transistors in an electrical system doubles every year (in 1999, doubling would occur every 4-5 years).
Moore’s Law
erasing one bit of information in an environment with temperature T requires a loss (dissipation) of energy (or heat release) of at least kT ln2, where k is the Boltzmann constant. (increasing density and clock frequency more heat)
Landauer’s principle
The average distance of silicon atoms is
0.25 nm (density 5*10^22 /cm^3)
For lithography ____ number of atoms along the side of the gate = 10.000
2.7 um (0,0027 mm/ u-micro)
Dielectric strength of silicon dioxide
5 MV/cm
Programs that use the functions of the operating system to solve problems
Software
It supports computer hardware, manages system resources and provides API and drivers for application software
Operating system
Describes an electronic circuit from a programmer’s perspective.
Defines a set of instructions, and visible registers.
Architecture
Data buses, controllers
Microarchitecture
It combines digital circuits to create functional blocks such as adders, multiplexers, etc.
Logical level
Uses analog circuits to create models of digital circuits (AND gates,
NOT, etc.)
Digital circuit level
Combines components into circuits with the desired properties (filters, amplifiers)
Analog circuit level
Uses components such as transistors and diodes
Electronic level|
Explores the world and systematizes the acquired knowledge into laws and theories that can be relatively easily studied by other people
Physics
how everything is organized, how elements are connected and how it works together. (Exo-, Endo-)
Architecture
- SISD (single instruction, single data)
- SIMD (single instruction, multiple data)
- MISD (multiple instructions, single data)
- MIMD (multiple instruction, multiple data)
Computer architecture can be classified, for example, according to the type of processor-memory connections and the way they are used:
- CISC Architecture (complex instruction set computer)
- RISC Architecture (reduced instruction set computer)
- CCR Architecture (CISC-core-RISC: RISC as a core, but from outside this processor looks like CISC)
Computer architecture can also be classified, e.g. due to the list of instructions:
slow, complicated, but good for programmers because of instructions.
CISC