WBCs Flashcards
1
Q
?
A
Neutrophil
2
Q
How often do neutrophils turn over?
A
at least twice a day
3
Q
which is larger - neutrophil maturation/storage pool or the proliferation pool?
A
maturation/storage
4
Q
How long can neutrophils stay in circulation?
A
5-10 hours
5
Q
What is a degenerative Left shift
A
when the immature RBCs outnumber the segmented neutrophils
6
Q
What does a degenerative left shift indicate?
A
worse prognostic indicator
indicates severe inflammation (often associated with spesis)
7
Q
?
A
monocyte
8
Q
Monocytes lack a (?) pool
A
storage pool - no reserves!
9
Q
how long can monocytes survive in tissues?
A
months
10
Q
?
A
Eosinophil
11
Q
Eosinophils lack a (?) pool
A
storage pool
12
Q
how long are eosinophils in circulation?
A
minutes to hours
13
Q
?
A
Basophils
14
Q
how long does it take basophils to mature?
A
3-5 days
15
Q
how long do basophils circulate before going in tissues?
A
about 6 hours
16
Q
Mast cells (are/are not) normally found in the blood
A
Are not
17
Q
Mast cells in the blood in cats usually indicates…
A
a visceral mast cell tumor
18
Q
Mast cells in the blood in dogs usually indicate…
A
inflammation, neoplasia, trauma… etc
19
Q
Too many large lymphocytes… concern for?
A
concern for neoplasia
20
Q
What speciea can have up to 50% of intermediate lymphocytes normally?
A
cattle and other ruminants
21
Q
after lymphocytes are produced they go to…?
A
secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, LN, tonsils)
22
Q
most common lymphocyte
A
T cells
23
Q
Reactive lymphocyte morphology
A
- variable size and nuclear shape
- increased amount of cytoplasm
- cytoplasm color variable (often deeply basophilic)
- can have some clear vacuoles
- often have a pale perinuclear clearing (golgi zone)
24
Q
reactive lymphocyte meaning
A
antigenic stimulation - common in young animals after vaccination
25
plasma cell morphology
* tend to be ovoid/egg shaped
* tend to have more cytoplasm than regular reactive lymphocytes
* nucleus is eccentrically placed, often round
26
meaning of plasma cells
antigenic stimulation
high numbers can be seen with plasma cell neoplasia
27
immature lymphocytes or "blasts" morphology
* typically intermediatel/large in size
* more finely stippled chromatin
* often have nucleoli present
28
immature lymphocytes or "blasts" meaning
usually indicate an acute leukemia or lymphoma in the bone marrow
can be hard to distinguish from acute myeloid vs acute lymphoid leukemia without further testing
29
Mechanisms that can lead to -philias or -penias
1. production and release from bone marrow
2. shifts in the blood in the circulating and marginating pools
3. tissue utlization and/or destruction
30
4 types of neutrophila
1. inflammatory
2. epinephrin enduced (excitement)
3. corticosteroid-induces (stres)
4. chronic myeloid leukemia (rare)
31
mechanism of inflammatory neutrophilia
* due to release of cytokines during tissue injury
* realease of segmented neuts from the **storage pool**
* once the storage pool is depleted -> release of bands from the **maturation pool**
32
Characteristics of inflammatory neutrophilia
mild to marked wiith or wihtout a L shift
often have toxic change
33
a lack of neutrophilia (does/does not) exclude the presence of inflammation
does not
34
mechanism of epinephrin-induced neutrophilia
marginated neutrophils distribute to circulating pool
35
characteristics of epinephrine induced neutrophilia
typically mild neutrophilia, can be accpmpanied by a lymphocytosis (especially in young cats)
36
mechanism of corticosteroid-induced (stress) neutrophilia
neutrophils shift from **marginating -> circulating** pool
**decreased** tissue migration
37
characteristics of a corticosteroid-induced neutrophilia
typically mild, no left shift. often accompanied by **lymphopenia**, moocytosis and lymphopenia
38
mechanism of chronic myeloid leukemia neutrophilia
neoplastic proliferation of well-differentiated neutrophils
39
characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia neutrophilia
marked neutrophilia (>50,000/uL) often L shift, and other increases in leukocytes
**diagnosis of exclusion**
40
Leukemoid response vs chronic myeloid leukemia
leukemoid response more common. marked neutrophilia. can be due to infectious or non-infectious causes of severe inflammation (pyometra, IMHA, neoplasia, necrosis..)
chronic myeloid leukemia has similar features, but is rare, and is a diagnosis of exclusion only
41
mechanism of inflammatory neutropenia
**excessive tissue demand** for neutrophils and depletion of storage pools
42
characteristics of inflammatory neutropenia
patients often very sick
often see left shift and toxic changes
43
mechanism of endotoxin neutropenia
endotoxins cause a rapid shift from the **circulating pool to the marginating pool**
mild depletion of storage pools
44
mechanism of peripheral destruction neutropenia
Ab form against neutrophils -> destroyed by the mononuclear phagocytic system
45
characteristics of peripheral destruction neutropenia
* respond to immunosuppresive dose of glucocorticoids
* can be very severe
* often show granulocytic hyperplasia in the bone marrow
46
mechanism of granulocytic hypoplasia neutropenia
can occur when stem cells become damaged -> results in hypoplasia -> decreased production of neutrophils
47
characteristics of granulocytic hypoplasia
* neutropenia + evidence of granulocytic hypoplasia (low #s of precursor cells in bone marrow)
* may see decreases in other cell lines (RBCs and platelets)
* if associated with chemotherapy, the nadir (lowest point) occurs 7-10 days after dosing
48
Toxic neutrophils are associated with..
inflammation
49
Toxic neutrophils often accompany a ....
L shift
50
Characteristics of toxic neutrtophils - Dohle bodies
retained endoplasmic reticulum
51
Characteristics of toxic neutrtophils - cytoplasmic basophilia
retained ribosomes and rough ER
52
Characteristics of toxic neutrophils - cytoplasmic vacuolation
indistinct foamy appearance -> degranulated lysosomes
53
Characteristics of toxic neutrtophils - toxic granulation
retained primary granules (rare, seen more commonly in large animal species)
54
significance of neutrophil hyposegmentation?
no functional change
55
neytrophil hypersegmentation indicates
increased lifespan
56
causes of lymphocytosis
1. epinephrine induced (common)
2. antigenic stimulation (inflammatory)
3. lymphoproliferative Dz (neoplasia)
4. hypoadrenocorticism
57
mechanism of epinephrine induced lymphocytosis
shift of marginating lymphocytes to circulating pool
58
characteristics of epinephrine induced lymphocytosis
* seen in healthy young animals (cats!)
* often accompanied by a mature neutrophilia (no L shift)
* usually not more than 10,000/uL
* usually short-lasting
59
mechanism of antigenic stimulation lymphocytosis
increased lymphopoiesis in response to chronic antigenic stimulation
60
characteristics of antigenic stimulation lymphocytosis
* may see reactive lymphocytes
* usually mild/moderate lymphocytosis
* may see mature neutrophilia, +/- L shift, +/- monocytosis, +/- eosinophila, +/- basophilia
61
mechanism of neoplastic lymphocytosis
proliferation of neoplastic lymphocytes
62
characteristics of neoplastic lymphocytosis
* lymphocytosis can range from mild to marked
63
Causes of Lymphopenia
1. corticosteroid induced (common)
2. acute inflammatory lymphoma
3. depletion lymphopenia
4. lymphoid hypoplasia/aplasia
64
mechanism of corticosteroid induced lymphopenia
immediate shift of lymphocytes from circulating pool to other pools
65
causes of monocytosis
* glucocorticoid induced
* acute and chronic inflammation (increased tissue demand, often seen with neutrophilia)
66
monocytopenia (is/is not) significant
is not
67
causes of eosinophilia
* parasites, type I hypersensitivity
* inflammatory disorders of mast cell rich organs (skin, lungs..)
* can be seen with hypoadrenocorticism
* can be paraneoplastic
* hypereosinophilic syndromes
68
causes of eosinopenia
* occurs in response to glucocorticoids
* often not clinically significant
69
causes of basophilia
**uncommon**
* usually accompanies an eosinophila
* can be associayted with allergies, parasites, or neoplasic conditions
70
Basopenia (is/is not) clinically significant
is not
