WBC Flashcards
- You get a cold and then you form antibodies
This is an example of what type of immunity
specific
macrophages
and acid base balance are an example of
non specific immunity
Granulocytes
cytoplasm have granules/vesicles in them) are neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
megakaryocytes and platelets come form what lineage
muelocytic
get granulocytes from here as well
macrophages/monocytes come from
iii. Monocytic lineage
Lymphocytes and monocytes are considered agranular b/c
in the microscope their cytoplasm looks clear
three factors important in WBC
Leukocyte number (WBC#)
Differential counts (by percentage) will tel you what kind of infex usually by % but you can get absolute count
Morphology
Granulocytes and monocytes formed in
Granulocytes and monocytes formed in marrow only
Majority of lymphocytes formed and matured where?
stored where?
Majority of lymphocytes formed and matured in lymphoid tissues
Significant storage in marrow and lymphoid organs
how long do white cells stay in the blood stream
1:1000 compared to RBC
usually sped 4-8hrs in the blood before entering peripheral tissues to conduct immune surveillance
monocytes vs macrophages
monocytes in blood
macrophages in peripheral tissues
lymphocytes movement in blood
move back and forth between tissues and blood throughout lifespan
other names for neutrophils
polymorph PMN
because of the lobulated single nucleus that can take on many different shapes
granulocytes with vesicles that can be viewed with granularity
where do neutrophils get their name
granulocytes with vesicles that can be viewed with granularity
prefer neutral dyes
how do neutrophils enter tissues
diapedesis (first binding and attaching to endothelial layer and then by sequential process extruding themselves through the endothelial lining into a tissue)
Chemotaxis refers to movement towards
movement of a cell up a chemical gradient toward its source
Cell that is drawn towards some sort of chemical signal
chemokines”, “lymphokines”, “cytokines”
many driving forces of chemotaxis are of this family
iii. Many are of the interleukin family
aspects of targets that predispose phagocytsis (3)
Smooth surfaces can be compelling
Protein coats on a virus or bacterial cell surface can induce phagocytosis
Initiation of Complement cascade
what is usually the result of phagocytosis
b. Destruction of target inside by lysosomal enzymes/molecules SOMETIMES
but sometimes target is just sequestered
Cytoplasm is generally very clear; it is an agranular leukocyte; they are big cells and tend to be characterized by presence of kidney bean shaped nucleus
Monocytes
Reticuloendothelial lineage is what
another name for mylocytis lineage that gives us monocytic lineage
another name for monocytes
histocytes
lifespan of monocytes
400:1
number of monocytes in tissue via bllood
100 day life span iN THE TISSUES
not in blood (that’s hours)
inflammation is specific or non specific
Reticuloendothelial lineage
dilution factor of inflammation refers to
Fluid that is going to dilute offending organisms or pathogens and provides healthy amount of white cells
why do infections become acidic
monocytes do better at lower ph
four cardinal signs of pain
what is the fifth sign
i. Calor - heat
ii. Dolor - pain
iii. Rubor - redness
iv. Tumor - swelling
loss of function
process by which WBC leaves the bloodstream
i. Diapedesis
Initial part is where the white cell is activated, it puts receptors on its surface so it can bind to adhesion molecules on the BV wall which will cause the white cell to stick.
When it comes to content, it will bounce along or roll along the wall since moving at such a great speed. Once it does come to a stop, the white cell will squeeze through the BV well and move to source of cytokines.
when the white cell squeezes through
Extravasation
Eosin
red dye
eosinophils are mostly present in ___
attracted to_____
300-400x more common in blood
also in tissues
attracted to histamine
they neutralize histamine (anti-inflammatory effect)
causes of eosinopenia
Systemic gluccocorticoids (stress) cause eosinopenia (could be due to exogenously administered steroids)
i. Leukopenia
penia=low level
Reduced production
Death often by massive infection
Can be indicator of infection (early or late)
Leukemia
Uncontrolled production of white cells
Lymphocytic or myelogenous
Anemia, bleeding, infection (still), high metabolism
Thought to be due to radiation exposure - think Japan
need to classify leukemia because not a dz
white cell with continuously thick nucleus not lobulated
left shift
bands
or immature neutrophils released at a relatively low rate unless we are sick
two forms of acquired immunity/specific immunity
Humoral (think “B cells”)
Cell-mediated (think “T cells”)
both respond to antigen of cell surface characteristics
stem cell lineage that is the basis of acquired immunity
lymphocyte lineage
where are lymphocytes found
contained within lymphoid structures, greatest volume in nodes and spleen
distributed to guard entry portals (around the mouth, the nose, the neck, the groin, etc)
Two general forms of lymphocytes produced
Ts and Bs
T cell mature in the
and B cells
“T” matured in Thymus - T Cell U
retrosternal and atrophies as we age
B cells form in the Bursa in the bone
selection and differentiation of T cells
undergo negative selection and
Undergo second layer of “positive selection” for MHC recognition
good ones are differentiated into
Helper Ts (CD4 + surface protein)
Cytotoxic Ts (killer; CD8+)
portions of antibody
stems are constant
variable is the Y that gives specific binding characteristics
clonal expansion
Cells activated by binding antigen - induces “clonal expansion”
Cells are dividing clonally without genetic realignment
what acts as antigen presenting cells
almost everything but neurtophils
macrophages and other cells present antigents to Ts or Bs
B cells convert to___ when under the influence of antigens
- B cells convert to lymphoblasts then plasmablasts before plasma cells mature
make up of antibodies
They are gamma globulins
Large molecules
They have light and heavy chains
5 classes of antibodies and what they are associated with
IgG (long term), IgM (acute),
IgE (allergic response),
IgA (secretions lining the resp tract, etc)
IgD
chain of antibody that forms the backbone of the molecule
Heavy chain
Tips of branches are the variable portion
,most numerus T cell and what they do
i. Most numerous
ii. Regulate all immune function
Th1 effects (mediated by IL 2)
a. Th1 = T helper
2. Th2 effects (mediated by IL4 and 5)
Costimulation with B7:CD28 binding
very grainy dark blue
basophils
named for their affinity of basic dyes
basophils have these 4 functions
agglutination (clumping)
Precipitation - precipitate out of the blood stream and create solid crystalized mass
Neutralization - endotoxin (antibody could neutralize it’s activity)
Lysis (rare)
describe the activation of complement in general
Complement and protein cascade
11 proteins in classic pathway
Antigen binding uncovers activation site
Numerous products (intermediates) can enhance immune process
complement for - opsonization
C3b
lysis is mediated by which cytokines
C5b, 6 & 7 in complex
neutrophil chemotaxsis mediated by which cytokine
C5a
basophil and Mast cell activation
iv. C3a, 4a, 5a
CD4 is characteristic of
T cells
these regulate all immune function
characterized by CD8 on surface
cytotoxic killers
TH1 is mediated by
Th1 effects (mediated by IL 2)
Th2 effects (mediated by I
IL 4 AND il5
cytotoxic T acts by
no MHC
binding to target and producing perforins
- strep infxn will cause immune response and the immune response will target the heart valves
c. Rheumatic fever
autoantibodies to Ach receptor
MG
- thyroid binding protein is released into the blood and body doesn’t recognize it as self
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Jenner
discovered exposure to coq pox provided protection from small pox
how do allergies increase and get worse
cumulative process; have a certain threshold below which we will not have symptoms.
We might be allergic to dust mites and pets but exposure to smoke may pu t you above the threshold where you start to have symptoms
We can elevate the threshold by immunmodulators, steroids, antihistamines, etc - all impact the immune reponse
these cells make antibodies
B cells
they will recognize antigens and stimulate both Cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Helper cells
what do B cells do
make antibodies and stimulate phagocytes, stimulate complement cascade, can also stimulate cytotoxic cells. The biggest thing they do is make antibodies to the invading pathogen - provide us with immune memory
i. In order for Helper T cells to be activated, they have to
presented with an antigen.
T cells have MHC class II receptors on them and serve as a key and lock situation. for this presentation post phagocytosis by macrophage
