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Physio II > neuro primer > Flashcards

neuro primer Flashcards

1
Q

most anterior part of the neural tube)

A

i. Telencephalon

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2
Q

basal ganglia, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen

are all located in the

A

telencephalon

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3
Q

2nd caudal region of the brain

what’s it called and what does it contain

A

thalmus and hypothalmus

2nd caudal region of the brain; (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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4
Q

3rd layer; “midbrain”/

A

mesencephalon

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5
Q

quadrageminal plate

A

quadrageminal plate (made up of 4 bones; 2 on top are superior colliculi and 2 on bottom are inferior colliculi)

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6
Q

Cortex and diencephalon flowers around it

A

mesencephalon (the top of the cauliflower stlak)

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7
Q

pons and cerebellum make up the

A

Metencephalon

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8
Q

Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
and
Conscious awareness
a. Both housed within

located in this segment of the brain

A
  1. Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
  2. Conscious awareness
    a. Both housed within the Pontian

located in the metencephalon

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9
Q

reasoning

A

c. Frontal

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10
Q

interprets a lot of that sensory information

A

d. Parietal

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11
Q

where the data goes

aka “the association area”

A

f. Temporal

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12
Q

sensory function from the body (touch temp and pain)

A

post-central gyrus

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13
Q

prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain

A

post central gyrus responsible for somatosensory

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14
Q

brocas

what is it and what lobe is it a part of

A

motor activity necessary to make speech

frontal

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15
Q

Wernicke’s Areas

what part of the brain is it and what does it do

A

posterior part of temporal lobe; understanding of the language, syntax and meaning of language

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16
Q

area that receives raw data from the periphery

A

j. Primary cortex

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17
Q

what is “raw data”

A

vision’s lowest level of data we receive including light, color, dark, line, shadow, movement (that’s primary data)

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18
Q

Words are easily spoken but are incorrect or unrelated to content of other words

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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19
Q

sensor or receptive aphasia is also known as

A

Wernicke’s

or fluent aphasia

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20
Q

Lesions of the posterior superior temporal or lower parietal lobe (areas 22 and 39) are associated with

A

with receptive, fluent aphasia.

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21
Q

expressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with

A

broca’s area at the dominant inferior frontal lobe

a ton of effort and frustration and an inability to fix the problem

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22
Q

fluency wiht respect to brocas and wernicke’s refers to

A

the rate of speech

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23
Q

inability to comprehend speech or written material is characteristic of a lesion where

A

lesions of the psoterior superior temporal lobe

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24
Q

Cortex is fed by which major arteries

A

: anterior, middle and posterior cerebral off and Circle of Willis

i. Feed the anterior, middle, and posterior portion of the cortex

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25
Q

these areas of vascularization most sensitive to loss of perfusion, even transient

A

watershed

both broca and wernicke’s exist in these areas

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26
Q

these target areas are more susceptible to stroke

A

b/w the middle and posterior cerebral artery because there could be an obstruction anywhere

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27
Q
  • keeps the plan running once you make the plan in the cortex
A

basal ganglia

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28
Q

aggressive behavior; limbic sx = motivation, fight-flight response
are controlled by which subcortical section of the brain

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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29
Q

basal ganglia is made up of the

A

globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
putamen

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30
Q

neostriatum is made up of

A

putamen

this is also known as the lentiform nuclei

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31
Q

myelinated axons

A

white matter

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32
Q

role of the basal ganglia

A

“maintain a postural background for voluntary activities

extrapyramidal” pathways subordinate to the cortex

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33
Q

parkinson’s demonstraits a disconnect between these two segments of the brain

A

disconnect b/w subcortical nuclei and cortex

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34
Q

afferent relay for virtually all sensory information

A

thalmus

circuit board that directs

i. Visual stimuli from retinaí thalamus –> occipital cortex
ii. Cranial nerve 8 auditory information –> rederected to temporal lobe

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35
Q

thalmus is responsible for all sensory info filtering except for

A

olfaction

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36
Q

“set points” for all of our homeostatic functions,

A

b. Hypothalamux

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37
Q

: corpora quadrigemina is found in the

A

midbrain

38
Q

visually tracts moving objects

A

i. Superior colliculus: visual reflexes of the mesencephalon corpora quadrigemina

39
Q

mediated reflexive turning of the head to sound

A

Inferior colliculus: auditory reflexes

  1. When you flinch when the car backfires
    a. The way you orient yourself to sound

found in the corpora quadrigemina of the mesencephalon (midbrain)

40
Q

lowest part of the brainstem

A

X. Myelencephalon

41
Q

responsible for the maintenance of vital bodily functions, very sensitive to trauma

A

a. Medulla oblongata

X. Myelencephalon

42
Q

Medulla oblongata is responsible for what functions

A

i. Heart rate
ii. Respiration
iii. This is where surgeons do not want to operate because you drop something and it dings the medulla oblongata you die

43
Q

progressive neurologic illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons.

A

LMN

44
Q

a. Three paired funiculi of spinal white matter

A

posterior (vibration),

lateral (corticospinal tract), anterior

45
Q

the ascending fibers of the posterior funiculus are

A

long

the descending fibers are short

46
Q

the long fibers of the posterior funiculis carries

A

proprioceptive and vibratory info (posterior columns)

vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of these columns

47
Q

vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of this neural pathway

A

posterior columns

up or down is proprioceptive

48
Q

spinothalamic travels where

A

spinal cord transfers to the opposite end of the body immediately then to the thalmus to the post central gyrus

(touch temp pain)

in the lateral and anterior funiculi

49
Q

cortico-spinal tract pathway

A

from the cortex down so motor information

int the lateral AND interior funiculi

comes from the contralateral cerebral cortex, crosses in the medulla

50
Q

spinothalmic input comes in from the periphery in through the dorsal /ventral/ or anterior root

where is the cell body for this

A

dorsal

cell body is in the DRG

51
Q

Spasmodic alteration of muscular contractions between antagonistic groups - caused by hyperactive stretch reflex

what is this called and is it UMN or LMN

A

UMN Clonus

52
Q

both rigidity and a tremor is known as

A

cogwheel rigidity

like a clock gear

53
Q

constant resistance to passive stretch

A

lead pipe rigidity

54
Q

resistant to velocity dependent stretch

A

spasticity

55
Q

pronator drift is UMN or LMN

A

UMN

look for this in stroke pts

pt extends and adducts arm
can distract them by asking to shake head no

56
Q

unhaooy triad

A

ptosis
miosis
anhidrosis

horners or loss of sympathetic control

57
Q

substantia nigra input on basal ganglia

A

dopaminergic neurons that send dopamine containing axons into basal ganglia
input that helps to control motor activity

58
Q

where can we localize horner’s syndrome to?

A

localizes between hypothalmus and cervical sympathetic ganglia

59
Q

three key sxs of parkinson’s

A

tremor at rest
Bradykinesia
rigidity

60
Q

CAG repeat disorder that results in mutant protein cleaved abnormally and neuronal toxicity

A

Huntington’s

61
Q

destruction of myelin sheathing around central neurons

A

MS

62
Q

HALLMARK of MS

A

demyelinating episodes separated in space and time

63
Q

MS sxs

A

sensory loss
muscle campling/spasticity
loss of function
heat intolerance diplopia

64
Q

abnormal mental status/ cognitive impariement
seizures

and unilateral weakness as well as movement abnormalities and chorea all originate from the

A

cerberum

65
Q

isolated CN abnormalities

as well as crossed weakness would be associated with a

A

brainstem

66
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuro findings are indicative of a problem where

A

spinal cord

67
Q

mid or distal limb pain as well as weakness abnormalities is indicative of an issue

A

peripheral nerve

68
Q

bilateral weakness

A

NMJ

OR mUSCLE SPARES SENSATION

69
Q

Part of the brain responsible for eye and face movement

A

pons

bridge or the relay between the medulla and cerebrum

70
Q

balance and coordination

A

cerebellum

71
Q

orientation and movement are governed by which lobe

A

PARIETAL

72
Q

Limbic system includes the

A

amygdala

and hippocampus

73
Q

regulates breathing

A

pons

74
Q

rapid jerky uncontrolled movements are called what and associated with

A

chorea due to caudate nucelus atrophy

75
Q

dopamine

A

provides inhibition for movements

allows you to stay at target

76
Q

difference between Parkinson’s and HD

A

excessive excitation HD

loss of inhibition=Parkinsonian disease

77
Q

length of repeat in HD is associated with

A

onset of symptoms

mutant protein cleaved and this is toxic to the neurons
pathway is disrupted along with Ca signaling

78
Q

cerebral palsy is uMN or LMN

A

seen with spasticity and increased tone

79
Q

describe MS types

A

relapse remitting

secondary progressive

primary predression

involved with destruction of myeline sheaths that help speed conduction

demyeliteating episodes separated in time and space

80
Q

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

disconjugated gaze

can be see with MS or any

81
Q

autoimmune inflammation demylenating dz

A

MS

82
Q

Charcot’s neurologic triad

A

Charcot’s neurologic triad : ©nystagmus

©staccato speech & © intentional tremor.

83
Q

an essential tremor has to do with what part of the brain

A

brainstem and cerebellar abnormalities

84
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

CNS disorder associated with muscle tone & postural abnormalities due to brain injury during perinatal or prenatal period

85
Q

hallmark of cerebral palsy

A

spasticity

Hyperreflexia, limb-length discrepancies, congenital defects.

86
Q

best diagnostic test for MS

A

MRI

87
Q
  • Uhthoffs phenomenon
A

worsening ofsymptoms with heat (ex. exercise,fever, hot tu

seen with MS and other dymyelinating disease

88
Q

corticospinal tract

A

descending pathway that was motor from brain to muscles and involves VOLUNTARY movement

89
Q

dorsal column

A

ascending pathway

sensory
pressure
vibration
fine touch
proprioception
90
Q

spinothalamic

A

ascending pathway

lateral tract-sensory: parin pressure and temp

Physio II (18 decks)

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