neuro primer Flashcards
most anterior part of the neural tube)
i. Telencephalon
basal ganglia, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen
are all located in the
telencephalon
2nd caudal region of the brain
what’s it called and what does it contain
thalmus and hypothalmus
2nd caudal region of the brain; (thalamus and hypothalamus)
3rd layer; “midbrain”/
mesencephalon
quadrageminal plate
quadrageminal plate (made up of 4 bones; 2 on top are superior colliculi and 2 on bottom are inferior colliculi)
Cortex and diencephalon flowers around it
mesencephalon (the top of the cauliflower stlak)
pons and cerebellum make up the
Metencephalon
Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
and
Conscious awareness
a. Both housed within
located in this segment of the brain
- Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
- Conscious awareness
a. Both housed within the Pontian
located in the metencephalon
reasoning
c. Frontal
interprets a lot of that sensory information
d. Parietal
where the data goes
aka “the association area”
f. Temporal
sensory function from the body (touch temp and pain)
post-central gyrus
prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain
post central gyrus responsible for somatosensory
brocas
what is it and what lobe is it a part of
motor activity necessary to make speech
frontal
Wernicke’s Areas
what part of the brain is it and what does it do
posterior part of temporal lobe; understanding of the language, syntax and meaning of language
area that receives raw data from the periphery
j. Primary cortex
what is “raw data”
vision’s lowest level of data we receive including light, color, dark, line, shadow, movement (that’s primary data)
Words are easily spoken but are incorrect or unrelated to content of other words
Wernicke’s aphasia
sensor or receptive aphasia is also known as
Wernicke’s
or fluent aphasia
Lesions of the posterior superior temporal or lower parietal lobe (areas 22 and 39) are associated with
with receptive, fluent aphasia.
expressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with
broca’s area at the dominant inferior frontal lobe
a ton of effort and frustration and an inability to fix the problem
fluency wiht respect to brocas and wernicke’s refers to
the rate of speech
inability to comprehend speech or written material is characteristic of a lesion where
lesions of the psoterior superior temporal lobe
Cortex is fed by which major arteries
: anterior, middle and posterior cerebral off and Circle of Willis
i. Feed the anterior, middle, and posterior portion of the cortex
these areas of vascularization most sensitive to loss of perfusion, even transient
watershed
both broca and wernicke’s exist in these areas
these target areas are more susceptible to stroke
b/w the middle and posterior cerebral artery because there could be an obstruction anywhere
- keeps the plan running once you make the plan in the cortex
basal ganglia
aggressive behavior; limbic sx = motivation, fight-flight response
are controlled by which subcortical section of the brain
amygdaloid nucleus
basal ganglia is made up of the
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
putamen
neostriatum is made up of
putamen
this is also known as the lentiform nuclei
myelinated axons
white matter
role of the basal ganglia
“maintain a postural background for voluntary activities
extrapyramidal” pathways subordinate to the cortex
parkinson’s demonstraits a disconnect between these two segments of the brain
disconnect b/w subcortical nuclei and cortex
afferent relay for virtually all sensory information
thalmus
circuit board that directs
i. Visual stimuli from retinaí thalamus –> occipital cortex
ii. Cranial nerve 8 auditory information –> rederected to temporal lobe
thalmus is responsible for all sensory info filtering except for
olfaction
“set points” for all of our homeostatic functions,
b. Hypothalamux
: corpora quadrigemina is found in the
midbrain
visually tracts moving objects
i. Superior colliculus: visual reflexes of the mesencephalon corpora quadrigemina
mediated reflexive turning of the head to sound
Inferior colliculus: auditory reflexes
- When you flinch when the car backfires
a. The way you orient yourself to sound
found in the corpora quadrigemina of the mesencephalon (midbrain)
lowest part of the brainstem
X. Myelencephalon
responsible for the maintenance of vital bodily functions, very sensitive to trauma
a. Medulla oblongata
X. Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata is responsible for what functions
i. Heart rate
ii. Respiration
iii. This is where surgeons do not want to operate because you drop something and it dings the medulla oblongata you die
progressive neurologic illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons.
LMN
a. Three paired funiculi of spinal white matter
posterior (vibration),
lateral (corticospinal tract), anterior
the ascending fibers of the posterior funiculus are
long
the descending fibers are short
the long fibers of the posterior funiculis carries
proprioceptive and vibratory info (posterior columns)
vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of these columns
vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of this neural pathway
posterior columns
up or down is proprioceptive
spinothalamic travels where
spinal cord transfers to the opposite end of the body immediately then to the thalmus to the post central gyrus
(touch temp pain)
in the lateral and anterior funiculi
cortico-spinal tract pathway
from the cortex down so motor information
int the lateral AND interior funiculi
comes from the contralateral cerebral cortex, crosses in the medulla
spinothalmic input comes in from the periphery in through the dorsal /ventral/ or anterior root
where is the cell body for this
dorsal
cell body is in the DRG
Spasmodic alteration of muscular contractions between antagonistic groups - caused by hyperactive stretch reflex
what is this called and is it UMN or LMN
UMN Clonus
both rigidity and a tremor is known as
cogwheel rigidity
like a clock gear
constant resistance to passive stretch
lead pipe rigidity
resistant to velocity dependent stretch
spasticity
pronator drift is UMN or LMN
UMN
look for this in stroke pts
pt extends and adducts arm
can distract them by asking to shake head no
unhaooy triad
ptosis
miosis
anhidrosis
horners or loss of sympathetic control
substantia nigra input on basal ganglia
dopaminergic neurons that send dopamine containing axons into basal ganglia
input that helps to control motor activity
where can we localize horner’s syndrome to?
localizes between hypothalmus and cervical sympathetic ganglia
three key sxs of parkinson’s
tremor at rest
Bradykinesia
rigidity
CAG repeat disorder that results in mutant protein cleaved abnormally and neuronal toxicity
Huntington’s
destruction of myelin sheathing around central neurons
MS
HALLMARK of MS
demyelinating episodes separated in space and time
MS sxs
sensory loss
muscle campling/spasticity
loss of function
heat intolerance diplopia
abnormal mental status/ cognitive impariement
seizures
and unilateral weakness as well as movement abnormalities and chorea all originate from the
cerberum
isolated CN abnormalities
as well as crossed weakness would be associated with a
brainstem
mixed upper and lower motor neuro findings are indicative of a problem where
spinal cord
mid or distal limb pain as well as weakness abnormalities is indicative of an issue
peripheral nerve
bilateral weakness
NMJ
OR mUSCLE SPARES SENSATION
Part of the brain responsible for eye and face movement
pons
bridge or the relay between the medulla and cerebrum
balance and coordination
cerebellum
orientation and movement are governed by which lobe
PARIETAL
Limbic system includes the
amygdala
and hippocampus
regulates breathing
pons
rapid jerky uncontrolled movements are called what and associated with
chorea due to caudate nucelus atrophy
dopamine
provides inhibition for movements
allows you to stay at target
difference between Parkinson’s and HD
excessive excitation HD
loss of inhibition=Parkinsonian disease
length of repeat in HD is associated with
onset of symptoms
mutant protein cleaved and this is toxic to the neurons
pathway is disrupted along with Ca signaling
cerebral palsy is uMN or LMN
seen with spasticity and increased tone
describe MS types
relapse remitting
secondary progressive
primary predression
involved with destruction of myeline sheaths that help speed conduction
demyeliteating episodes separated in time and space
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
disconjugated gaze
can be see with MS or any
autoimmune inflammation demylenating dz
MS
Charcot’s neurologic triad
Charcot’s neurologic triad : ©nystagmus
©staccato speech & © intentional tremor.
an essential tremor has to do with what part of the brain
brainstem and cerebellar abnormalities
what is cerebral palsy
CNS disorder associated with muscle tone & postural abnormalities due to brain injury during perinatal or prenatal period
hallmark of cerebral palsy
spasticity
Hyperreflexia, limb-length discrepancies, congenital defects.
best diagnostic test for MS
MRI
- Uhthoffs phenomenon
worsening ofsymptoms with heat (ex. exercise,fever, hot tu
seen with MS and other dymyelinating disease
corticospinal tract
descending pathway that was motor from brain to muscles and involves VOLUNTARY movement
dorsal column
ascending pathway
sensory pressure vibration fine touch proprioception
spinothalamic
ascending pathway
lateral tract-sensory: parin pressure and temp
