neuro primer Flashcards by Lux Smith

most anterior part of the neural tube)

i. Telencephalon

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basal ganglia, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen

are all located in the

telencephalon

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2nd caudal region of the brain

what’s it called and what does it contain

thalmus and hypothalmus

2nd caudal region of the brain; (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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3rd layer; “midbrain”/

mesencephalon

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quadrageminal plate

quadrageminal plate (made up of 4 bones; 2 on top are superior colliculi and 2 on bottom are inferior colliculi)

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Cortex and diencephalon flowers around it

mesencephalon (the top of the cauliflower stlak)

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pons and cerebellum make up the

Metencephalon

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Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
and
Conscious awareness
a. Both housed within

located in this segment of the brain

Nuclei that regulate respiratory function
Conscious awareness
a. Both housed within the Pontian

located in the metencephalon

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reasoning

c. Frontal

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interprets a lot of that sensory information

d. Parietal

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where the data goes

aka “the association area”

f. Temporal

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sensory function from the body (touch temp and pain)

post-central gyrus

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prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain

post central gyrus responsible for somatosensory

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brocas

what is it and what lobe is it a part of

motor activity necessary to make speech

frontal

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Wernicke’s Areas

what part of the brain is it and what does it do

posterior part of temporal lobe; understanding of the language, syntax and meaning of language

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area that receives raw data from the periphery

j. Primary cortex

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what is “raw data”

vision’s lowest level of data we receive including light, color, dark, line, shadow, movement (that’s primary data)

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Words are easily spoken but are incorrect or unrelated to content of other words

Wernicke’s aphasia

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sensor or receptive aphasia is also known as

Wernicke’s

or fluent aphasia

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Lesions of the posterior superior temporal or lower parietal lobe (areas 22 and 39) are associated with

with receptive, fluent aphasia.

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expressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with

broca’s area at the dominant inferior frontal lobe

a ton of effort and frustration and an inability to fix the problem

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fluency wiht respect to brocas and wernicke’s refers to

the rate of speech

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inability to comprehend speech or written material is characteristic of a lesion where

lesions of the psoterior superior temporal lobe

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Cortex is fed by which major arteries

: anterior, middle and posterior cerebral off and Circle of Willis

i. Feed the anterior, middle, and posterior portion of the cortex

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these areas of vascularization most sensitive to loss of perfusion, even transient

watershed both broca and wernicke's exist in these areas

these target areas are more susceptible to stroke

b/w the middle and posterior cerebral artery because there could be an obstruction anywhere

- keeps the plan running once you make the plan in the cortex

basal ganglia

aggressive behavior; limbic sx = motivation, fight-flight response are controlled by which subcortical section of the brain

amygdaloid nucleus

basal ganglia is made up of the

globus pallidus caudate nucleus putamen

neostriatum is made up of

putamen this is also known as the lentiform nuclei

myelinated axons

white matter

role of the basal ganglia

"maintain a postural background for voluntary activities extrapyramidal" pathways subordinate to the cortex

parkinson's demonstraits a disconnect between these two segments of the brain

disconnect b/w subcortical nuclei and cortex

afferent relay for virtually all sensory information

thalmus circuit board that directs i. Visual stimuli from retinaí thalamus --> occipital cortex ii. Cranial nerve 8 auditory information --> rederected to temporal lobe

thalmus is responsible for all sensory info filtering except for

olfaction

"set points" for all of our homeostatic functions,

b. Hypothalamux

: corpora quadrigemina is found in the

midbrain

visually tracts moving objects

i. Superior colliculus: visual reflexes of the mesencephalon corpora quadrigemina

mediated reflexive turning of the head to sound

Inferior colliculus: auditory reflexes 1. When you flinch when the car backfires a. The way you orient yourself to sound found in the corpora quadrigemina of the mesencephalon (midbrain)

lowest part of the brainstem

X. Myelencephalon

responsible for the maintenance of vital bodily functions, very sensitive to trauma

a. Medulla oblongata X. Myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata is responsible for what functions

i. Heart rate ii. Respiration iii. This is where surgeons do not want to operate because you drop something and it dings the medulla oblongata you die

progressive neurologic illnesses that selectively affect the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons.

LMN

a. Three paired funiculi of spinal white matter

posterior (vibration), | lateral (corticospinal tract), anterior

the ascending fibers of the posterior funiculus are

long the descending fibers are short

the long fibers of the posterior funiculis carries

proprioceptive and vibratory info (posterior columns) vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of these columns

vibratory test or up down test tests the integrity of this neural pathway

posterior columns up or down is proprioceptive

spinothalamic travels where

spinal cord transfers to the opposite end of the body immediately then to the thalmus to the post central gyrus (touch temp pain) in the lateral and anterior funiculi

cortico-spinal tract pathway

from the cortex down so motor information int the lateral AND interior funiculi comes from the contralateral cerebral cortex, crosses in the medulla

spinothalmic input comes in from the periphery in through the dorsal /ventral/ or anterior root where is the cell body for this

dorsal cell body is in the DRG

Spasmodic alteration of muscular contractions between antagonistic groups - caused by hyperactive stretch reflex what is this called and is it UMN or LMN

UMN Clonus

both rigidity and a tremor is known as

cogwheel rigidity like a clock gear

constant resistance to passive stretch

lead pipe rigidity

resistant to velocity dependent stretch

spasticity

pronator drift is UMN or LMN

UMN look for this in stroke pts pt extends and adducts arm can distract them by asking to shake head no

unhaooy triad

ptosis miosis anhidrosis horners or loss of sympathetic control

substantia nigra input on basal ganglia

dopaminergic neurons that send dopamine containing axons into basal ganglia input that helps to control motor activity

where can we localize horner's syndrome to?

localizes between hypothalmus and cervical sympathetic ganglia

three key sxs of parkinson's

tremor at rest Bradykinesia rigidity

CAG repeat disorder that results in mutant protein cleaved abnormally and neuronal toxicity

Huntington's

destruction of myelin sheathing around central neurons

HALLMARK of MS

demyelinating episodes separated in space and time

MS sxs

sensory loss muscle campling/spasticity loss of function heat intolerance diplopia

abnormal mental status/ cognitive impariement seizures and unilateral weakness as well as movement abnormalities and chorea all originate from the

cerberum

isolated CN abnormalities | as well as crossed weakness would be associated with a

brainstem

mixed upper and lower motor neuro findings are indicative of a problem where

spinal cord

mid or distal limb pain as well as weakness abnormalities is indicative of an issue

peripheral nerve

bilateral weakness

NMJ | OR mUSCLE SPARES SENSATION

Part of the brain responsible for eye and face movement

pons bridge or the relay between the medulla and cerebrum

balance and coordination

cerebellum

orientation and movement are governed by which lobe

PARIETAL

Limbic system includes the

amygdala | and hippocampus

regulates breathing

pons

rapid jerky uncontrolled movements are called what and associated with

chorea due to caudate nucelus atrophy

dopamine

provides inhibition for movements allows you to stay at target

difference between Parkinson's and HD

excessive excitation HD loss of inhibition=Parkinsonian disease

length of repeat in HD is associated with

onset of symptoms mutant protein cleaved and this is toxic to the neurons pathway is disrupted along with Ca signaling

cerebral palsy is uMN or LMN

seen with spasticity and increased tone

describe MS types

relapse remitting secondary progressive primary predression involved with destruction of myeline sheaths that help speed conduction demyeliteating episodes separated in time and space

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

disconjugated gaze can be see with MS or any

autoimmune inflammation demylenating dz

Charcot's neurologic triad

an essential tremor has to do with what part of the brain

brainstem and cerebellar abnormalities

what is cerebral palsy

CNS disorder associated with muscle tone & postural abnormalities due to brain injury during perinatal or prenatal period

hallmark of cerebral palsy

spasticity Hyperreflexia, limb-length discrepancies, congenital defects.

best diagnostic test for MS

MRI

- Uhthoffs phenomenon

worsening ofsymptoms with heat (ex. exercise,fever, hot tu seen with MS and other dymyelinating disease

corticospinal tract

descending pathway that was motor from brain to muscles and involves VOLUNTARY movement

dorsal column

ascending pathway ``` sensory pressure vibration fine touch proprioception ```

spinothalamic

ascending pathway lateral tract-sensory: parin pressure and temp

neuro primer Flashcards

(90 cards)