blood typing Flashcards
Agglutinogens
refer to proteins on the surface that stimulate the immune response and the antibodies you make to those proteins that cause the cells to clump up aka agluttinate
antigens on rbc surface
Antibodies to blood surface proteins absent in host
Agglutinins
the break down of cells that can happen due to a RBC mismatch
hemolysis is
system for blood typing
O-A-B
phenotypic expression of alleles that cose for proteins on the surface of the RBC
A and B are not the only surface proteins
they are just the ones that agglutinate most aggressively
which surface proteins represent co-dominance
A and B are not the only surface proteins but these are both co-dominant
they are just the ones that agglutinate most aggressively
along with Rh factor
what is indicated by blood type O
no A or B
not actually a surface protein in itself
what is indicated by + or _
+ indicates the presence of the Rh factor
what does it mean if you are blood type B
that means red cells that type B agglutination and antibodies to type A
what is the easiest blood type for receiving blood
type AB
which is the easiest blood type for donating blood
type O
least common blood type
A- and AB-
describe the process of agglutination
clumping of cells causes entrapment in small spaces like the spleen and hemolysis occurs
Hgb get’s dumped from the lysed erythrocytes
this process can be immediate if complement activation occurs or delayed of the clumps of red cells have to circulate around to get trapped.
remember that agglutination is occurring because of multiple RBC binding to agglutenins and therefore it can casue hemolysis this way or though phagocytosis
effect of Rh factor
slower with contact of Rh factor
named for the rhesus monkey
not as big of a response unless there is a big exposure
and it represents 6 different proteins
you can have a dominant or recessive C D or E
mos prevelant
D
most antigenic
the 6 different combinations of alleles is known as a
genotype
maximum titer of agglutenenins is usually accrued at what age of life
10
agglutinin formation occurs almost entirely after birth
how many binding sites do agglutinins typically have
2 for IgG
10 for IgM
Meaning that a single agglutenin can attach to multiple RBC at one time
how does blood typing work
blood is introduced to anti-A and anti-B agglutenins
if it had agglutegens is will agglutinate
what is the major difference between Rh and AB
A and B agglutenins happen spontaneously and RH need exposure Rh antigen exposure
there are 6 different types of these antigens
what is the rule about Rh
if you have dominant C you do not have recessive c antigen
BUT if you are missing it you always have it
each person has one type of each of the three pairs with D being the most common
anyone with this is considered Rh positive
how can eryhtroblastosis fetalis be avoided
Rh immunoglobulin globin, an anti-D antibody
Hall, John E.. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book (Guyton Physiology) (p. 480). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.
why would someone become juandice after a blood transfusion
if someone is given the wrong blood and the liver can’t keep up with the Production of bile made from the hemolsized RBC
autograft
from one part of the animal to another
low level of risk
isograft
identicle twin to another
