WBC 3

Question 1

Types of neutrophilia

Answer 1

-physiologic
-steroid
-inflammatory
-neoplastic

Question 2

What is leukemia?

Answer 2

Presence of neoplastic cells in blood
*any hematopoietic cell line, including erythroid

Question 3

Chronic leukemia

Answer 3

-cells are mature (easily ID’d)
-indolent course of disease- not systemically ill… detect leukemia accidentely

Question 4

Acute leukemia

Answer 4

-cells are immature (difficult to ID because not well differentiated)
-animal systemically ill and will die soon without treatment

Question 5

Answer 5

Chronic Neutrophilic leukemia

Question 6

Answer 6

Acute leukemia

Question 6

Transient causes of neutropenia

Answer 6

-peracute inflammation
-acute, severe inflammation (degenerative left shift)
-normal variation

**less concerning

Question 6

Bone marrow during leukemia

Answer 6

-Contains neoplastic cells
-may see cytopenias (non regenerative anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
**if you see 2= bicytopenia, or 3= pancytopenia

Question 7

Persistent causes of neutropenia

Answer 7

-immune-mediated
-idiopathic
-bone marrow disorder

**more concerning

Question 8

What causes bone marrow causes of neutropenia?

Answer 8

-infectious agents, especially viral
-drugs, toxins, radiation
-immune mediated disease
-necrosis/fibrosis
-neoplasia
-genetic disorders (eg. cyclic neutropenia of grey collies)

Question 9

Half lives of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs

Answer 9

Neutrophils: 10-15hrs
**neutropenia appears first because shortest half life

Platelets: 5-7 days

RBCs 110-120 days
**non regenerative anemia will appear last

Question 10

What likely causes neutropenia from an acquired bone marrow disorder?

Answer 10

Stem cell injury
-Can be reversible (acute, transient; varying duration) OR irreversible

Question 11

Acute, transient Reversible stem cell injury

Answer 11

-acute, transient
-from infection with canine parvovirus or feline panleukopenia virus
-rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow of GI tract

Question 12

What are the two reasons that you see neutropenia from a reversible stem cell injury due to canine parvo or feline panleukopenia?

Answer 12

1. Stem cell injury and failure of production = affects all cell lines, but only see neutropenia due to transient injury
2. Neutrophil consumption in GI tract= often see inflammatory leukogram with marrow recovery

Question 13

Reversible stem cell injury with varying duration

Answer 13

From:
-chemotherapeutic drugs, estrogen
-idiosyncratic drug reactions
-Ehrlichia

**longer duration means other cytopenia may develop, and irreversible injury may occur

Question 14

Irreversible stem cell injury

Answer 14

-neutropenia= vulnerable to chronic infections
-long duration means other cytopenias may develop (thrombocytopenia, non-regenerative anemia)
-need to monitor for signs of marrow recovery

Question 15

What should be done if you have a Persistent, unexplained cytopenia?

Answer 15

*includes neutropenia, non regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia

Need to do a bone marrow evaluation and evaluate the CBC at same time

Question 16

Causes of eosinophilia

Answer 16

-parasitism
-allergic/hypersensitivity disorders
-paraneoplastic (eg. secondary to lymphosarcoma, mast cell neoplasia)
-idiopathic (infiltrative eosinophilic organ disease, bronchopneumopathy, myositis, gastroenteritis, hypereosiophilic syndrome)
-eosinophilic leukemia

Question 17

Will eosinophilia be well represented in the blood?

Answer 17

Not necessarily. Tissue eosinophilia may not be reflected in peropheral blood
-therefore parasites in tissues result in higher eosinophils than parasites in the blood

Question 18

Causes of basophilia

Answer 18

-parasitism
-allergic/hypersensitivity disorders
-basophil leukemia
-other hematopoietic neoplasia

**often eos will be increased as well

Question 19

Occurance of Monocytosis

Answer 19

-occurs when there is an increased tissue demand for phagocytic cells
eg. inflammation, necrosis, granuloma, immune mediated disease, neoplasia, trauma
-become macrophages in tissues

Question 20

What does monocytosis indicate on a leukogram?

Answer 20

-Physiologic, steroid leukogram

OR

-monocytic leukemia

Question 21

Are eosinopenia, basopenia, or monocytopenia pathologically significant?

Answer 21

No
-reference interval for these goes to 0

Question 22

Causes of Lymphocytosis

Answer 22

-physiologic
-vaccination
-young animals exposed to novel antigens
-chronic antigenic stimulation especially Ehrlichia
-lymphocytic leukemia (Chronic or Acute).. most common
-hypoadrenocorticism- may not appear as expected and will have lymphocytosis

Question 23

Causes of lymphopenia

Answer 23

-stress/steroid therapy
-leakage of chyle
-immunodeficiency
eg. immunosuppressive drugs, radiation, hereditary immunodeficiencies