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AP Physics 1 > Waves/Sounds > Flashcards

Waves/Sounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Pulse?

A

A single vibratory disturbance in a medium

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2
Q

What happens when a pulse travels down a string with velocity?

A

Energy is transferred to the string, which causes segments to vibrate up and down; creates an illusion of a continuous path

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3
Q

What is the equation for the velocity of a pulse?

A

v=sqrt[T/(m/L)]

v=sqrt(TL/m)

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4
Q

What do waves transfer?

A

Waves ONLY transfer energy

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5
Q

What is the Principle of Superposition?

A

When two pulses at the same point and at the same time interact, the interaction produces a single pulse whose amplitude is equal to the sum of the displacement of the original two pulses

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6
Q

What happens after the interaction of two pulses?

A

Both pulses continue in their original directions of motion, unaffected by the interaction

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7
Q

What is Interference?

A

Superposition of waves of identical or opposite phases to produce constructive or destructive interference, respectively

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8
Q

What is Constructive Interference?

A

When two pulses of identical phases (upward or downward) interact, creating a displacement larger than the original two; amplitudes add together

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9
Q

What is Destructive Interference?

A

When two pulses with opposite phases (upward and downward) interact, creating a displacement smaller than the original two; amplitudes subtract

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10
Q

In destructive interference, what happens when the two pulses have the same amplitude?

A

The interaction can cause the pulses to momentarily cancel out

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11
Q

What is a Series of Waves?

A

Continuous up and down vibration given to a string that results in sets of transverse pulses; also known as a wave train

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12
Q

Pertaining to waves, what is Frequency?

A

Number of waves per second (f)

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13
Q

Pertaining to waves, what is Period?

A

Time required to complete one wave cycle (T)

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14
Q

What is a Phase?

A

Relative position of a point on a wave with respect to another point on the same wave

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15
Q

What does it mean for two waves to be “in phase”?

A

The two waves have the same frequency at the same point in time with no phase difference

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16
Q

What is a Wave Length?

A

Distance between any two successive points (crest or trough) in phase; λ or lambda

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17
Q

What is a Crest?

A

Peaks of a wave

18
Q

What is a Trough?

A

Valleys of a wave

19
Q

What is Amplitude?

A

Maximum displacement from rest position

20
Q

What is the equation for the velocity of a transverse wave?

A

v=fλ

21
Q

For sound, what does the amplitude of the wave represent?

A

Intensity or volume

22
Q

For sound, what does the frequency of the wave represent?

A

Pitch

23
Q

At the same amplitude, waves with higher frequencies transmit __________ energy per second.

A

More

24
Q

What is a Mechanical Wave?

A

Waves that result from the vibration of a physical medium (ie. drum, string, water); can be transverse or longitudinal

25
Q

What is a Longitudinal Wave?

A

A wave with regions of compressions and expansions that appear to travel parallel to the disturbances; also known as a compressional wave

26
Q

What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

A

Sound

27
Q

What is a Transverse Wave?

A

A wave that contains a vibration that travels perpendicular to the apparent direction of motion; equation: v=fλ

28
Q

What is a Standing Wave?

A

A wave in which incident and reflected waves combine to produce a wave that appears to be “standing” in one place

29
Q

What are Nodal Points?

A

Points that segment a standing wave; corresponds to points where no appreciable displacement takes place

30
Q

What is the Fundamental Mode of a wave?

A

First mode of a standing wave; easiest frequency mode of vibration possible; l=λ/2; contains zero nodal points

31
Q

As the nodes of a standing wave increase, what happens to its wave length?

A

Increases by λ/2

1 node= λ, 2 nodes= 3λ/2, etc.

32
Q

What is Resonance?

A

Buildup of wave energy due to constructive interference of standing waves; maximum transfer of energy from one body to another that shares the same natural vibrating frequency

33
Q

What is an Acoustical Wave?

A

Longitudinal wave in matter

34
Q

What are Beats?

A

When two sound waves interfere; the regions of constructive and destructive interference

35
Q

What is Frequency Difference?

A

Beats per second

36
Q

What is Path-Length Difference?

A

Something interference is dependent on; determines when interference is constructive or destructive

37
Q

What is the path-length difference of a constructive interference?

A

L1-L2=nλ; whole multiples (ie. 2, 4, 6)

38
Q

What is the path-length difference of a destructive interference?

A

L1-L2=(n+1/2)λ; odd multiples (ie. 1.5, 2.9, 3.4)

39
Q

What is Diffraction?

A

When a wave encounters a boundary, the wave appears to bend around the corner of the boundary; creates the illusion of waves bending

40
Q

What is the Doppler Effect?

A

As sound approaches a point, pitch (frequency) increases; when sound passes a point, pitch (frequency) decreases

AP Physics 1 (14 decks)

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