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Physics > Waves, Sound and Light > Flashcards

Waves, Sound and Light Flashcards

1
Q

Wave

A

Add disturbance that carries energy from one place to another

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2
Q

Transverse Waves

A

Waves in which the direction of vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave

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3
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

Waves in which the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave

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4
Q

Mechanical wave

A

The vibration of particles. It needs a medium in which to travel. It is a series of vibrations passing from molecule to molecule in the medium

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5
Q

Electromagnetic wave

A

Does not need a medium to travel it is the vibration of the electric and magnetic fields. It travels through a vacuum at the speed of light

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6
Q

EM spectrum long->short

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

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7
Q

Travelling wave

A

Travels from the source producing it transfig energy to all the places through which it passes. Mechanical or electromagnetic

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8
Q

Crest

A

Highest point of a transverse wave

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9
Q

Trough

A

The lowest point of a transverse wave

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10
Q

An oscillation

A

One complete vibration of the source

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11
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

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12
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves passing a point per second

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13
Q

Amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of a wave from its mean position

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14
Q

Periodic time

A

Time taken for a wave to complete one oscillation T=1/f

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15
Q

Velocity of a wave

A

The distance travelled by any point on the wave in one second v=fλ

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16
Q

Reflection

A

The bouncing of waves of obstacles in their path

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17
Q

Refraction

A

The changing of direction of a wave when it goes from one medium to another

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18
Q

Interference

A

The edition of two or more waves, forming a single resultant wave

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19
Q

Coherent sources

A

Waves that are in phase and have the same frequency

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20
Q

Constructive interference

A

When two or more waves combine resulting in a single wave of greater amplitude than the source waves

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21
Q

Destructive interference

A

When two or more waves combine resulting in a single wave of a smaller amplitude than the source waves

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22
Q

Diffraction

A

The spreading out of a wave into a space beyond the gap or around an obstacle

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23
Q

In phase waves

A

When the crests from one source meet the crests from another

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24
Q

Out of phase waves

A

When the crests from one source meet the troughs from another

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25
Q

Polarization

A

When the vibrations are restricted to one plane only

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26
Q

Stationery wave

A

Formed when two waves of equal amplitude and frequency moving in opposite directions meet

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27
Q

Nodes

A

Points on a stationary wave that remain at rest

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28
Q

Antinodes

A

Points on a stationary wave that vibrates with maximum amplitude

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29
Q

Doppler effect

A

The apparent change in frequency our wave due to the relative motion of the source and the observer

30
Q

Sound

A

A form of energy that travels by longitudinal mechanical waves produced by vibrating objects. Requires a mediums travel through

31
Q

Acoustics

A

The study of sound

32
Q

Natural frequency

A

The frequency that a body vibrates at when free to do so

33
Q

Resonance

A

The rapid amplification of oscillation when a periodic force is applied at the same frequency as the natural frequency of the body. Results in the maximum energy transfer between the force and the object

34
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

The lowest natural frequency of a vibrating object

35
Q

Harmonics

A

Multiples of the fundamental frequency

36
Q

Frequency limits of audibility

A

The highest and lowest frequencies that can be heard by a normal human ear. Between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz

37
Q

Sound intensity

A

The energy per second passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction in which the sound is traveling
I = P/A

38
Q

Sound intensity level

A

Compares a particular sound intensity to the threshold of hearing. Measured in decibels. If the sound intensity doubles the sound intensity level increases by 3 dBs

39
Q

dB(A) scale

A

A sound intensity level scale that has been adapted for the ears frequency response

40
Q

Quality of a note

A

Describes the shape of the sound waves, depends on the number and amplitude of the harmonics present. Music has periodic waveform and related frequencies. Noise has varying frequency with no repetition in waveform

41
Q

Light

A

Form of energy that travels by electromagnetic waves. Can be detected by the human eye. Has a wavelength between 700 nm and 400 nm

42
Q

Infra Red light

A

Emitted by warm objects. Can be detected by its heating effect on a blackened thermometer bulb. It affects photographic plates. Longer wavelengths than visible light

43
Q

Fluorescence

A

When a substance absorbs UV radiation and re-emits it as visible light

44
Q

Parallax

A

The relative movement of two objects due to the movement of the observer

45
Q

Monochromatic light

A

Light of one colour only (one wavelength)

46
Q

Diffraction grating

A

A piece of transparent material the large number of parallel opaque lines drawing it so that the space is between the lines act as sits to allow light through

47
Q

The grating constant (d)

A

The distance between adjacent lines d = 1/Lines per metre

48
Q

Self luminous object

A

Produces its own light like the sun/stars

49
Q

Reflection of light

A

The bouncing of light off the surface of an object

50
Q

Laws of reflection

A
  1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie on the same plane
  2. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
51
Q

Real image

A

Formed by the actual intersection of light rays

52
Q

Virtual image

A

Formed by the apparent intersection of light rays

53
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of lice as it passes from one optical medium to another

54
Q

Laws of refraction

A
  1. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray are lie in the same plane
  2. The sign of the angle of incidence is proportional to the sign of the angle of refraction, for a given pair of media (Snell’s law)
55
Q

Refractive index

A

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction when light travels from air into the substance

56
Q

n = (refraction)

A

sin i/sin r
1/sin C
Real depth/apparent depth
c/v

57
Q

Critical angle (C)

A

The angle in the denser of two media when the angle in the less dense medium is 90°

58
Q

Total internal reflection

A

When lice is reflected back from a boundary between two Media. it occurs when the light is traveling towards a rarer medium from a denser one striking the boundary with an angle of instance greater than the critical angle

59
Q

Optic fibre

A

A very thin strand of transparent material through which light travels by total internal reflection

60
Q

Power of accommodation

A

The ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances by changing the shape of the lens

61
Q

Lens

A

A piece of carefully cut transparent material that allows light through it

62
Q

Power of a lens

A

Inverse of the focal length

63
Q

Compound lenses

A

Combinations of two or more lenses in contact with each other. The sum of the individual powers

64
Q

Myopia

A

Short sightedness. Means distance objects cannot be seen clearly

65
Q

Hyperopia

A

Long sightedness. Means near objects cannot be seen clearly

66
Q

Magnification of an image

A

The ratio of image distance to object distance
v/u

67
Q

Dispersion

A

The separating out of the different wavelengths of light

68
Q

Primary colours

A

Three colours combining to form white light. Red green and blue

69
Q

Secondary colours

A

Formed when two primary colours are mixed in equal proportions
Red blue = magenta
Red green = yellow
Bluegreen = cyan

70
Q

Complimentary colours

A

Pairs of primary and secondary colours that combined the form white light
Before You Get Married Ring Cindy White

Physics (6 decks)

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