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Physics A level OCR > Waves (C11, C12) > Flashcards

Waves (C11, C12) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are mechanical waves caused by?

A

An oscillating object

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2
Q

D transverse wave

A

move away from the source and oscillates perpendicular to propagation

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3
Q

What are longitudinal waves made up of

A

Compressions and rarefractions

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4
Q

What is an example of a non-mechanical wave

A

EM radiation

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5
Q

What do you have to be careful with wave graphs

A

The axis!

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6
Q

Displacement v time graph

A

oscillator

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7
Q

Displacement v position

A

Wave

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8
Q

D wavelength

A

distance between two adjacent in phase points

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9
Q

D period

A

time for one complete cycle or oscillation

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10
Q

D frequency

A

number of wave cycles per second

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11
Q

D Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement from the equilibirum position

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12
Q

D Phase difference

A

Relationship between the patterens of oscillators

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13
Q

D in phase

A

Pattern of oscillators are identical

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14
Q

D anti phase

A

pattern of oscillation is opposite at any point

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15
Q

What is a phasor

A

the circle that maps the curve that represents the wave

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16
Q

How is intensity related to amplitude?

A

I is proportional to amplitude squared

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17
Q

Four characteristics of wave behaviour

A

reflect
refract
diffract
interfere

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18
Q

Difference between ray and wave front

A

Ray is direction of propagaation and wave front is a line connecting in phase points

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19
Q

Angle of incidence = ?

A

Angle of reflection

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20
Q

What is specular reflection/

A

Parrallel refelct at same angle

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21
Q

D diffuse reflection

A

vaired normals means lots of angles

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22
Q

Two special cases of refraction

A

Dispersion and Total internal refraction

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23
Q

Why does refraction occur

A

change in medium
change in speed
change in wavelength
If angular if it speeds up bends away from normal and if it slows then it bends towards normal

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24
Q

What type of wave doesn’t get faster in a higher density or depth?

A

Light (EM wave)

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25
Q

What does a converging lens correct

A

long sightedness

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26
Q

What does a diverging lens correct?

A

short sightedness

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27
Q

What is n in waves?

A

refraction index c/v (therefore must be >=1)

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28
Q

In total internal relfection what is special about the angle of incidence when the angle of reflection is 90 degrees

A

it is called the critical angle

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29
Q

TIR occurs when

A

angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

30
Q

What law relations refractive index

A

snells law n1sin01 = n2sin02

31
Q

Why does dispersion occur?

A

different frequencies refract different amounts due to their different speeds

32
Q

What colour refracts the least

A

red

33
Q

What causes diffraction

A

Wave passing through a gap

34
Q

d»lambda

A

little diffraction

35
Q

d=lambda

A

noticable diffraction (some straight parts)

36
Q

d &laquo_space;lambda

A

strong diffraction (big curves)

37
Q

What is an EM wave made of?

A

Electric and magnetic fields

38
Q

What are teh three types of UV and what are their characteristics?

A

UVA - tanning, destroys collagen
UVB - burns, cancer and vit D
UVC - broken down by ozone

39
Q

What is polarisation?

A

When all oscillations of a field are limited to one plane only (electric field)

40
Q

Name two ways of polarised waves coming about

A

Production

Filter

41
Q

When does a grill block EM radiation

A

Parallel grill and wave

42
Q

What law links amplitude and intensity

A

Malus’s law

43
Q

What happens when two waves meet?

A

They SUPERPOSE

44
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

The superposition of two waves in phase such that the resultant displacement is greater than either of the initial displacements

45
Q

Destructive interference

A

Superposition of two waves in antiphase such that the resultant displacement is zero

46
Q

What is the principle of superposition

A

Total displacement = vector sum of the displacements of each wave at that point

47
Q

What makes two sources coherant?

A

Whether they produce a stable interference pattern, i.e have a constant phase difference

48
Q

What is the central line between two sources called?

A

Central maximum

49
Q

What is path difference?

A

difference in distance to point of intereference from each source

50
Q

What are other maxima called?

A

Subsidary maxima (1st order than 2nd order etc)

51
Q

path difference for desttrucutive interference?

A

(n=1/2)*lambda

52
Q

path difference for constructive interference?

A

n*lambda

53
Q

Where is n counted from in path difference/

A

central maxima

54
Q

What are characteristics of coherant sources?

A

Same frequency and constant phase difference

55
Q

What has to be true about the young’s double slit equation?

A

The slit separation has to be much much smaller than the distance between the source and the interference pattern

56
Q

What type of light is used in the Young’s double slit experiment?

A

monochromatic (laser or bulb passed through a filter)

57
Q

double slit - What happens when one slit is wider than the other?

A

No points of destructive intereference

58
Q

What happens with double slit of white light? colour order?

A

Colours interefere and diffract different amounts

white in middle and then spectrums with violet coloses to centre and red furthest away

59
Q

How is a stationary wave made?

A

Two indentical waves travelling in opposite directions

60
Q

2 methods of making a stationary wave?

A

send tow waves at each other

1 wave source that reflects

61
Q

What is a point of amplitude zero called on a stationary wave/

A

Node

62
Q

What is an antinode?

A

Point on a stationary wave that vibrates with maximum energy and amplitude

63
Q

Where is max KE on a stationary wave

A

When an antinode is flat

64
Q

Where is in phase on a stationary wave?

A

Between nodes

65
Q

Where is antiphase on a stationary wave?

A

either side of a node

66
Q

What doesn’t matter for phase difference?

A

displacement

67
Q

What is the first stationary wave known as?

A

fundamental mode of oscillation (f0)

68
Q

What’s the best way to understand a stationary wave question?

A

sketch

69
Q

What is an open end of a tude

A

antinode

70
Q

What is a closed end

A

node

71
Q

What type of wave is in a stationary wave tube

A

longitudinal wave

Physics A level OCR (23 decks)

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