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Cape Physics > Waves > Flashcards

Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Displacement (x)

A

Distance moved by a particle or field in a specific direction from a fixed point

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2
Q

Amplitude (X₀ or A)

A

Maximum displacement from equilibrium position

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3
Q

Period or Periodic Time(T)

A

Time taken for one complete oscillation/cycle/revolution

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4
Q

Frequency (F)

A

Number of oscillatons per second

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5
Q

Frequency formula and unit

A

f= 1/T (one over period)
Hz or s−1

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6
Q

Angular frequency (ω)

A

rate of change of Angular displacement

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7
Q

Angular frequency formula & unit

A

ω= dθ /dt = 2π/ T = 2πf
rads⁻¹

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8
Q

Wavelength (λ)

A

Distance between two successive wave crest or trough or two consecutive particles in phase

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9
Q

λ=
& units

A

v/f
m

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10
Q

velocity in waves

A

rate of change of displacement with time

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11
Q

velocity in waves formula

A

v=λ/T
v=λf

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12
Q

phase

A

angle in degrees or radians that give the measure of the fraction of the oscillation that has been completed by the wave

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13
Q

Phase difference

A

The measure in degrees or radians of how one wave is out of step with another

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14
Q

Phase difference formula

A

Φ=y/λ by 2π
where y is the path difference

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15
Q

What type of interference do you get when two wave are in phase

A

constructive interference (no phase diff, or whole num phase diff λ, 2λ,…)

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16
Q

What type of interference do you get when two wave are out of phase

A

destructive interference(1/2λ, 3/2λ)

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17
Q

path difference is the

A

extra distance in wavelengths that one wave travels compared to another wave
basically the difference in distance travelled from the same point

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18
Q

half a wave length path difference is equal to… and whole number path diff (eg 1) is equal to…

A

180 degrees phase difference
0 degrees path difference

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19
Q

the speed (v) of a wave is

A

the rate at which energy is being transferred

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20
Q

Waves are

A

travelling/propagating disturbances that transmits energy from one point to another, through a medium without transferring the medium/substance

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21
Q

Mechanical wave are

A

waves that need a material medium to propagate through

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22
Q

what are the types of mechanical waves

A

longitudinal and transverse

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23
Q

In transverse waves particles oscillates

A

at right angles to the direction of energy transfer

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24
Q

In a longitudinal wave particles oscillates

A

TO an FRO in the same direction as the energy transfer

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25
Q

A longitudinal wave has a series

A

of compressions and rarefactions
compressions is the region where the particle move towards eachother and rarefaction is the region where they move away from eachother

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26
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

sound waves. ultrasound waves and seismic P-waves.

27
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

ripples on the surface of water.
vibrations in a guitar string.
a Mexican wave in a sports stadium.
electromagnetic waves – eg light waves, microwaves, radio waves.
seismic S-waves.

28
Q

progressive wave is

A

a wave that transfers energy from from the source to areas around it

29
Q

Standing/Stationary wave is

A

a wave the is NO NET ENERGY transfer in space but in time shows an interchange between Kinetic energy and potential energy as a result of superposition

30
Q

Intensity of a wave

A

the rate at which it transfers energy (power incident per unit) divided by the area over which the energy is spread. that is P/A or E/At

31
Q

Intensity of is proportional to
(intensity formula & units)

A

the Amplitude squared
I∝A² or I∝ xₒ²
I=kA²
Wms⁻²
A² = 1/r²

32
Q

Polarization definition

A

polarization is the restriction of oscillations to ne plane

33
Q

In an unpolarized wave the oscillations

A

are in various planes and not restricted to one plane

34
Q

Which waves can polarized and which ones cannot

A

transverse waves can b polarized since the oscillate in right angles giving my angles to move through and longitudinal waves travel parallel to propagation

35
Q

What is used to distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves

A

Polarization since transverse waves can be polarized and not longitudinal waves

36
Q

Superposition DEFINITION

A

The combining or 2 or more similar waves hen the meet at a point

37
Q

Superposition principle

A

the resultant displacement of two or more waves that meet at a point is found by algebraic sum of each wave (when in phase, when out of phase subtract)

38
Q

Wavefront definition

A

The surface joining all wavelets which are in phase

39
Q

Diffraction definition

A

the spreading out of a waves’ wavefronts when the pass through a gap or edge of a surface, without altering its wavelength

40
Q

Inorder for diffraction to be observed

A

the wavelength of the wave must be comparable to the width of the gap

41
Q

single slit diffraction formula

A

dsinθ=nλ
where d -separation of gratings /m
θ-angle between zeroth order fringe and nth order fringe
λ- wavelength of light /m
n - nth order fringe

42
Q

interference

A

is the result of superposing two or more waves from a finite number of waves

43
Q

coherent waves definition

A

waves have the same frequency or wavelength, constant phase difference/relationship & roughly same amplitude

44
Q

To produce coherent light sources in young’s double slit experiment what must be done…. then?

A

a single slit must be used. Then as the light passes through the double slit, diffraction takes place and the light over laps

45
Q

Explain the double slit experiment

A

At points where the crests of waves coincide, constructive interference
occurs. These points correspond to bright fringes on the screen. At points where crests and troughs coincide, destructive interference occurs. These points correspond to dark fringes on the screen. In both cases, the waves are superposed.

46
Q

5 Conditions for (perceptible ) interference

A

waves must meet at a point or overlap superpose and must be coherent
transverse wave must be polarized or unpolarized in same plane
same type of mechanical wave

47
Q

Conditions for (complete constructive ) interference

A

path diff=whole number or wavlengths

48
Q

Conditions for (complete destructive ) interference

A

path diff=odd number of waves

49
Q

wave equation

A

Asinωt

50
Q

tanθ in interfernce

A

tanθ=y/d in rads

51
Q

optical path

A

the path in a medium that nt whe

52
Q

wavelength of light formula

A

λ=ax/D
x=fringe separation
λ-wavelength of light/m
D-perpendicular distance between the screen and the double slits/m
a – the separation between the slits/m

53
Q

wavelength of monochromatic light formula

A

λ =d sinθ/n
λ – wavelength of monochromatic light/m
d – distance between slits/m
θ – angular deviation for the nth order
n – nth order diffracted light

54
Q

The wavelength of a
monochromatic light source can
be determined

A

experimentally
using Young’s double slit
experiment.

55
Q

The wavelength of a
monochromatic light source can
be determined

A

experimentally
using a diffraction grating.

56
Q

SHM is a periodic motion in which:

A

1 the acceleration is proportional to the
displacement from a fixed point and
2 directed towards the fixed point.

57
Q

a =
a – acceleration/ms–2
ω – angularfrequency/rads–1
x – displacement/m

A

–ωsquaredx

58
Q

refractive index

A

sin i /sin r

59
Q

snells laws

A

1n2 = sin i/sin r

60
Q

The specific heat capacity of a
substance, c,

A

is the amount of heat
energy required to increase the
temperature of one kilogram of a
substance by one degree.

61
Q

EH=
EH– amount of energy absorbed
m – mass/kg
c – specific heat capacity/J kg–1K–1 or J kg–1°C–1
Δθ – change in temperature/K or °C

A

= mcΔθ
or CΔθ
OR mlv lv-ltent heast of vapri…
or mlf

62
Q

heat capacity C=

A

mc mass x specific heat capacity

63
Q

The specific latent heat of fusion lf
is

A

the energy required to convert 1 kg
of substance from a solid to a liquid
without a change in temperature.

64
Q

The specific latent heat of
vaporisation lv

A

, is the energy
required to convert 1 kg of substance
from a liquid to a vapour without a
change in temperature.

Cape Physics (11 decks)

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