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ECG Workout > Waveforms/intervals/segments/complexes > Flashcards

Waveforms/intervals/segments/complexes Flashcards

1
Q

First deflection of the cardiac cycle
Caused by depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

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2
Q

Normal ____ are smooth and round, positive in lead II, no more than 2.5mm in height, and no more than 0.10 second in width

A

P waves

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3
Q

Abnormal P waves that are tall and peaked

A

Abnormal sinus P wave resulting from RAE

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4
Q

Abnormal P wave that is wide and notched

A

Abnormal sinus P wave resulting from LAE

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5
Q

Abnormal P waves that are small and pointed, inverted, or absent

A

Ectopic P waves

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6
Q

Represents the time from the onset of atrial depolarization to the onset of ventricular depolarization

A

PR Interval

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7
Q

The ______ includes the P wave and the short isoelectric line (PR segment) that follows it

A

PR Interval

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8
Q

Normal PR Interval (seconds)

A

0.12 to 0.20 seconds

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9
Q

Reasons a PR interval may be shorter than normal

A
  • electrical impulse is conducted from the atria to the ventricles through an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node
  • impulse originates in an ectopic pacemaker site in the AV node
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10
Q

Reasons for prolonged PR interval

A
  • first-degree AV block
  • hypothyroidism
  • certain drugs (digitalis, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers)
  • aging
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11
Q

Measured from when the first wave of the complex leaves the baseline to when the last wave of the complex begins to level out into the ST segment

A

QRS Complex

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12
Q

Predominantly positive in lead II with a duration of 0.10 seconds or less

A

normal QRS complex

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13
Q

T/F
R waves are always positive

A

True
If the entire complex is negative, it is termed a QS complex

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14
Q

In regards to QRS labeling, a wave must cross the baseline to be labeled separately. A wave that changes direction but doesn’t cross the baseline is called a ____

A

Notch

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15
Q

QRS labeling
capital letters are used to designate waves of _____ amplitude

A

Large (5mm or more)

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16
Q

QRS Labeling
Lowers case letters are used to designate waves of ____ amplitude

A

5mm or less

17
Q

4 causes of an abnormally wide QRS Complex

A
  • a block in the conduction of impulses through the right or left bundle branch
  • An electrical impulse that has arrived early at the bundle branches before depolarization is complete, allowing the electrical impulses to initiate depolarization of the ventricles earlier than usual
  • an electrical impulses that has been conducted from the atria to the ventricles through an abnormal accessory pathway that bypasses the AV node
  • an electrical impulse that has originated in an ectopic site in the ventricles
18
Q

Represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization
Normally flat (isoelectric)

A

ST Segment

19
Q

ST segment elevation is considered significant if the displacement is more than ____ and is seen in ____ facing the same area of the heart

A

1 mm; 2 or more leads

20
Q

ECG sign of myocardial injury
Ex: MI, coronary vasospasm, pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm, hyperkakemia, and early repolarization

A

Elevated ST segment

21
Q

Variant of myocardial repolarization seen in healthy people that produces a ST segment elevation closely mimicking acute MI or acute pericarditis

A

Early repolarization

22
Q

ECG sign of myocardial ischemia
Other causes: ventricular hypertrophy, bundle branch block, or drug effects

A

ST Segment depression

23
Q

What ECG finding is characteristic of digitalis?

A

Sagging ST segment depression
“Scooped-out” appearance

24
Q

Represents the latter phase of ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

25
Q

Rounded, asymmetrical (peak is closer to the end of the wave than the beginning), and positive in lead II with and amplitude less than 5mm

A

Normal T waves

26
Q

Represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and the end of ventricular repolarization
Measured from start of QRS to the end of the T wave

A

QT interval

27
Q

Normal QT Interval length

A

Varies according to age, sex, and HR
Should be less than half the distance between two consecutive R waves

28
Q

QTc

A

QT rate corrected

29
Q

QT Interval measuring the same as half the R-R interval is considered _____

A

Borderline

30
Q

QT Interval measuring longer than half of the R-R interval is ______

A

Prolonged

31
Q

What is lengthened with a prolonged QT interval and what does this put the ventricles at risk of?

A

Relative refractory (vulnerable) period
Life threatening dysrhythmias (torsades de pointes)

32
Q

Causes of a prolonged QT

A
  • electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypoglycemia)
  • hypothermia
  • bradyarrhythmias
  • liquid protein diets
  • myocardial ischemia
  • antiarrhythmics
  • psychotropic agents
    -hereditary long-QT Interval syndrome
33
Q

Deflection sometimes seen after the T wave on ECG that can be mistaken for the P wave

A

U wave

34
Q

Point right between the QRS and the ST segment

A

J Point

35
Q

Name for the ECG monitor screen

A

Oscilloscope

36
Q

5 steps to analyze rhythm strip (in order)

A

1) Regularity
2) Rate
3) P waves
4) PR interval
5) QRS duration

37
Q

Rhythm varies by 0.12 seconds (3 small squares) or more

A

Irregular

38
Q

Rhythm doesn’t vary or varies less than 0.12 seconds

A

Regular

39
Q

T/F
Premature beats are included in the calculation of HR

A

False

ECG Workout (5 decks)

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