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Physics paper 2 > Wave properties > Flashcards

Wave properties Flashcards

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1
Q

Transverse waves

A

The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

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2
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

The oscillations are parallel to the directions of energy transfer.

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3
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

.All electromagnetic waves
.ripples and waves in water

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3
Q

Examples of longitudinal waves

A

.sound waves in air, ultrasound
.shock waves.

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3
Q

What is wave speed?

A

the speed at which the energy is being transferred

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4
Q

How do you find the wave speed?

A

frequency x wavelength

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its undisturbed position.

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5
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between the same point on 2 waves.

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6
Q

Frequency

A

The number of complete waves passing a certain point per second.
.measured in hertz.

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7
Q

What are the 3 things that can happen when a wave arrive at a boundary between 2 different materials?

A

-Absorbed
-Transmitted
-Reflected
This all depends on the wavelength and the properties of the materials invloved.

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8
Q

What is the rule of all reflected waves?

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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9
Q

What is the ‘Angle of incidence’?

A

The angle between the incoming wave and the normal.

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10
Q

What is the ‘Angle of reflection’?

A

The angle between the reflected wave and the normal.

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11
Q

What is the ‘Normal’?

A

An imaginary line that is perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of reflection?

A

Specular and diffuse

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13
Q

Specular reflection

A

-boundary is flat
-normals are in the same direction
-produce a clear image

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14
Q

Diffuse reflection

A

-boundary is bumpy
-normals will all be different
-appears matte

15
Q

Refraction

A

Wave changes direction as they pass 1 medium to another.

16
Q

Why does refraction occur?

A

Waves travel at different speed in different mediums.
higher density = slower the wave

17
Q

What happens if the light wave enters perpendicular into the boundary

A

It will carry on in the same direction

18
Q

What happens if the light wave enters the boundary at an angle

A

The light wave will change direction - it has been refracted and bend towards the normal (if boundary is more dense)

19
Q

Sound waves

A

Vibrations that pass through the molecules of a medium

20
Q

How do sound waves travel?

A

Ina series of compressions and rarefractions

20
Q

Compressions

A

Regions where the particles are close together

21
Q

Rarefractions

A

Regions where the particles are furthest apart

22
Q

Does sound waves travel faster through more denser objects or loose?

A

More densely packed

23
Q

Why cant sound travel through space

A

Because space is a vaccum (no particles to move or vibrate)

24
Q

Sound waves frequency travelling through different medium doesn’t change but ____?

A

If the speed is increasing the Wavelength must be increasing

25
Q

What can sound wave do?

A
  • Reflected (echos)
  • Absorbed
  • Refracted
26
Q

Name parts of the eara in order

A
  • Ear canal
  • Ear drums
  • Ossicles (group of 3 small bones)
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
  • auditory nerve (to brain)
27
Q

How human hearing works

A
  1. Sound waves travels through ear canal and
    reaches the ear drums causing it to vibrate
  2. These vibrations will be transmitted through
    the tiny bones (ossicles)
  3. Through the semicircle canals
  4. Then into the cochlea which converts the
    vibrations into electrical signals
  5. Electrical signals get sent through auditory
    nerves to the brain
28
Q

Higher frequencies =

A

Higher pitch

29
Q

Lower frequencies =

A

Lower pitch

30
Q

Higher amplitude =

A

Louder

31
Q

Lower amplitude =

A

Quieter

32
Q

On average how much can a human hear (Hz)

A

20Hz to 20,000 Hz

33
Q

Factors that effect hearing

A
  • Age (wearing and tearing of cochlea and
    auditory nerve)
34
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound with frequencies higher than 20000Hz

35
Q

How do humans make ultrasound?

A

Increase the electrical oscillations of speakers

36
Q

Partial reflection

A

When ultra sound hits a boundary between 2 different mediums and and some of the waves are refracted while some are reflected

37
Q

How can you find out how far away a boundary is by ultrasound?

A
  • Speed of the wave
  • Time it take to be reflected
38
Q
A

Physics paper 2 (9 decks)

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