Watts Flashcards
Name the 5 steps in the HIV entry
1) GP120 +CD4 binding
2) conformational change
3) GP120 + CD4 bind CCR5
4) GP41 membrane penetration
5) membrane fusion
Name two co-receptors that could be involved in the HIV cell cycle
CCR-5
CXCR4
Mutations in what receptors can cause resistance to HIV
CCR5 mutations
In HIV treatment what does NRTIs stand for
Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Name 6 types of anti-viral approved for treatment of HIV
1) NRTI
2) NNRTI
3) protease inhibitors
4) fusion inhibitors
5) integrase inhibitors
6) CCR5 antagonists
How do NRTIs work
Act as chain terminators or inhibitors at the substrate binding site of RT
How do NNRTIs work
Inhibit viral DNA by binding at the allosteric non-bonding site of RT causing a conformational change of the active site
During the reproduction cycle of HIV a specific protease is required to process what two polyproteins into mature HIV components
GAG
POL
All approved protease inhibitors contain what bond instead of a normal peptide bond
Hydroxyethylene bond
Name a fusion inhihitor used in HIV
Fuzeon
What is fuzeon and how does it work
36 aa rationally designed fusion inhibitor- mimics components of GP41 preventing normal fusion
What is raltegravir
Integrase inhihitor in HIV treatment
Name a CCR5 inhihitor (entry inhibitor)
Maraviroc
What does HAART stand for
Highly active anti-retro viral therapy
What are two benefits of HAART
Reduces incidence of resistance
Can reduce toxicity/side effects by lowering dose
Describe HAART
Generally takes 3 different antiretrovirals from at least 2 different classes
What’s an antigen
Molecule that provokes a specific immune response
Influenza subtypes are distinguished by what?
By the antigenic properties of HA and NA
How many subtypes of HA are there in influenza type A virus
3
H1 H2 H3
How many NA subtypes are found in influenza type A virus
2
N1 N2
What is antigenic drift in influenza virus ‘
Small changes on epitopes on antigenic proteins
To make influenza vaccines they infect chicken eggs with what
A/PR/8/34 and epidemic strain
How do you make inactivated influenza vaccine
Treatment with formaldehyde
How do you make split vaccine for influenza
Treatment with ethyl ether
How do you make subunit vaccine for influenza
Treatment with detergents then purification of HA
Name two classes of influenza antiviral drugs
Adamantanes (M2 inhibitors)
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Name two adamantanes (M2 inhibitors)
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Name two neuraminidase inhibitors
Oseltamivir
Zanamivir
How does Amantadine decrease the release of influenza A viral particles
Interferes with the function of the transmembrane domain of the M2 protein of influenza A viruses
