Waterborne Bacteria

Question 1

Major waterborne bacteria

Answer 1

Campylobacter spp,, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrios spp., E. coli, Yersinia spp., Listeria spp., Psuedanomas spp., Acinetobacter baumanii

Question 2

Campylobacter

Answer 2

18 species 11 pathogenic, corkscrew shape with bipolar flagella

Question 3

Campylobacter diseases

Answer 3

majority of gastroenteritis, 1-2% infections cause Guillian-Barre syndrome

Question 4

Campylobacter symptoms

Answer 4

dehydration, diarrhea (bloody) 3 episodes per day, fever, vomiting

Question 5

Campylobacter treatment

Answer 5

rehydration, antibiotics

Question 6

Campylobacter virulence factors

Answer 6

flagella, antibiotic resistance, bacterial protein synthesis allowing entrance into host, cytotoxin and cholera like enterotoxin, iron acquisition, S-layer

Question 7

S-layer in Campylobacter

Answer 7

protects from serum killing and phagocytosis

Question 8

Campylobacter reservoir

Answer 8

birds, livestock, milk

Question 9

Campylobacter survival

Answer 9

survival increases in cold, uses other bacteria’s biofilm, under stress enters viable but non culturable state

Question 10

Campylobacter identification

Answer 10

Concentration, gram stain, microaerobic conditions 5/10/85 O2/CO2/N2, Preston agar with antibiotics 48 h incubation, circular and convex colony, serotyping/PCR

Question 11

Salmonella

Answer 11

2500 serotypes O and H antigen type, typhi/paratyphi causes typhoid, rod shape peritrichous flagella

Question 12

Salmonella diseases

Answer 12

gastroenteritis, typhoid

Question 13

Typhoid

Answer 13

invades macrophages, spleen, liver, gall bladder, and can survive up to 1 year, transmitted person to person

Question 14

Salmonella reservoirs

Answer 14

contaminated food/water, raw eggs/meat, fresh vegetables, cereal, nuts, tomatoes

Question 15

Salmonella in eggs

Answer 15

enters egg in ovary, surface of egg during laying/incubation, cross contamination

Question 16

Salmonella testing

Answer 16

SS agar, blood cultures, serotyping/PCR, WGS

Question 17

Salmonella treatment

Answer 17

Cipro XR (10-14 days)

Question 18

Shigella

Answer 18

4 species, rod shaped no flagella, produces shiga toxin

Question 19

Shigella reservoir

Answer 19

only known is humans, can survive in cool humid locations, aerosols can help spread, found in daycares

Question 20

Shigella detection

Answer 20

SS agar, MacConkey agar, Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar, serotyping, PCR

Question 21

Shigella survival

Answer 21

found in surface and drinking water, influenced by other bacteria, nutrients, oxygen, temperature, 3-29 months in water with fecal material

Question 22

Vibrio cholerae

Answer 22

modern pandemic disease with ancient origins, rod shape single flagella

Question 23

Cholera

Answer 23

acute diarrheal disease characterized by voluminous rice-watery stool, vomiting, and severe dehydration (1L fluid/hour), can cause death in hours

Question 24

Cholera dehydration

Answer 24

causes loss of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium

Question 25

Cholera prevention

Answer 25

Oral rehydration saline, antibiotics (tetracycline), vaccine (Sancol), good water source

Question 26

Cholera history

Answer 26

described in ancient history, 7 pandemics since 1817, pandemic 1-6 from Bay of Bengal caused by Vibrio cholerae

Question 27

Pandemic 3

Answer 27

400,000 Koreans (50% population in 1859)

Question 28

Pandemic 7

Answer 28

Indonesia 1961 still continuing today

Question 29

V. cholerae serotypes

Answer 29

200, only O1 and O139 cause epidemics, CTX lysogenic phage, TcpA pilus

Question 30

V. cholera environment

Answer 30

14-30 days in human intestine, water reservoirs

Question 31

V. cholerae persistence

Answer 31

viable but not culturable state, rugose variant, novel form, growth advantaged stationary phase

Question 32

V. cholera pathogenic genes

Answer 32

TcpA and CTX

Question 33

TcpA

Answer 33

allows Cholera to bind to GbpA receptor on intestine

Question 34

CTX phage

Answer 34

injected into intestinal cell, B subgroup binds to GM1-ganglioside, A subgroup activates G protein causing cAMP, Cl, Na, and H2O out of cell

Question 35

How does cholera survive stomach?

Answer 35

Consumption of food and water raises pH >5 which cholera can survive