Soil and Air Pathogens

Question 1

Soil residency

Answer 1

permanent(entire lifecycle), periodic, transient, and incidental

Question 2

Permanent soil residents

Answer 2

Clostridium botulinum, C. tetani, Burkholderia, and Listeria

Question 3

Periodic soil residents

Answer 3

Bacillus anthracis, Rickettsia, hook worms

Question 4

Transient soil residents

Answer 4

Giardia lamblia, Huntavirus, Leptospira, Coxiella

Question 5

Primary soil pathogens

Answer 5

protozoans Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Toxoplasmosis

Question 6

Protozoa

Answer 6

unicellular microorganisms, sexual/asexual life cycle, fecal oral, also feet

Question 7

Cryptosporidium

Answer 7

-obligate parasites to humans, 12 species, parvum and hominis in humans, full life cycle in host, withstand chlorine and temperature treatmen

Question 8

Crypto symptoms

Answer 8

dehydration, fever, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, watery diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption, can spread from intestine to live and pancreas

Question 9

Crypto lifecycle

Answer 9

2stage cyst->host->trophozoite(asexual reproduction)->release gametes from cell sexual reproduction->cyst

Question 10

Crypto transmission

Answer 10

Oral fecal and human-human, 30-130 cysts initiates infection, 3 months new cysts release in fecal

Question 11

Crypto environment

Answer 11

damp soils, fecal material, autumn and winter

Question 12

Crypto ID

Answer 12

hard to id on microscope, molecular methods such as PCR/RAPD

Question 13

Crypto environmental treatment

Answer 13

filtration, heating, freezing, UV

Question 14

Giardia duodenalis

Answer 14

3 types, duodenalis, muris, agilis 500,000 yearly cases

Question 15

Giardia transmission

Answer 15

2stage cyst trophozoite, reservoir humans, birds, mammals and reptiles, 15-30 cysts for infection, fecal oral human-human

Question 16

Giardia environment

Answer 16

sewers, run off, dairy farms, survive up to 3 months

Question 17

Giardia symptoms

Answer 17

diarrhea, pain, gas, bloat, malabsorption, dehydration, vomiting, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, acute and chronic

Question 18

Giardia detection

Answer 18

cysts filtered and concentration, immunomagnet, immunofluorescence, PCR, Isozyme typing

Question 19

Giardia mitigation

Answer 19

filters, UV, bleach, heat 70C for 10 min, pH>9

Question 20

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 20

1 species, cats only definitive host, tissue-cyst coccidium, humans accidental host

Question 21

Toxoplasma lifecycle

Answer 21

2stage, asexual in accidental hosts, sexual in cats 1-5days

Question 22

Toxoplasma environment

Answer 22

hot,humid,low altitude, poor countries, France, undercooked meat, can survive 18 months in soil 4.5 years in water

Question 23

Toxoplasma environmental treatments

Answer 23

heating 55-60 degrees C for 10 min, resistant to disinfectants and chlorination

Question 24

Toxoplasma detection

Answer 24

serology, PCR