Water,Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards
What are the functions of Water?
- volume effects blood pressure
- thermoregulating
- transports solutes & gasses
- lubricates joints & eyes
- electrolyte balance
- essential for absorption & metabolism of water soluble vitamins
- used for organs to maintain functions
How much weight does water add to a puppy?
84%
How much weight is made up of water in an adult dog?
50-60%
How much water do cats and dogs require a day?
30mL/lb/ day
What are the ways for water to leave the body?
Feces
Urine
Insensible losses (lungs and skin)
Sweat
How much water vs food does an animal’s body require every day?
2 1/2 times the volume of water compared to the volume of food
-8oz food= 20oz water
What symptoms will an animal have at 4-5% dehydration?
No skin turgidity
What symptoms will an animal have at 7% dehydration?
No skin turgidity
Sunken eyes
What symptoms will an animal have at 10% dehydration?
No skin turgidity
Sunken eyes
Generally in lateral recumbency
What is Pack Cell Volume?
PCV
Used to evaluate hydration levels
What are Vitamins?
- Organic compounds necessary for normal physiological functions
- cannot be synthesized in the body
- must be present in the body
What are the 2 categories of Vitamins?
- fat soluble (A,D,K,E)
- water soluble (B complex vitamins, C complex vitamins)
What are Fat Soluble Vitamins?
- A,D,K,E
- bile salts and fat clusters required for passive absorption thru duodenum and ileum
- stored in liquid deposits in all tissues
- required in daily doses
- over supplementation causes toxic syndrome
What are the sources of Vitamin A?
- fish liver oil
- milk
- liver
- egg yolks
What are the sources of Vitamin D?
- liver
- some fish
- egg yolks
- sunlight
What are the sources of Vitamin E?
- wheat germ
- corn
- soybean oils
What are the sources of Vitamin K?
- green leafy plants
- liver
- fish
- fish meals
What are Water Soluble Vitamins?
- B complexes and C complexes
- absorbed via active transport
- poorly stored
- excesses are lost in urine
- need frequent intake
- deplete fast
Thiamin
B Complex
Riboflavin
B Complex
Niacin
B Complex
Pyridoxine
B Complex
Pantothenic Acid
B Complex
Biotin
B Complex
Frolic Acid
B Complex
Cobalamin
B Complex
Choline
B Complex
What are the sources of Vitamin C?
- citrus fruit
- fruit
- dark green vegetables
- AKA: Ascorbic Acid
What is Vitamin E deficiency?
- Inflammation of fat tissues
- “yellow fat disease”
What is Vitamin K deficiency?
- role: blood clot formation
- deficiency=hemorrhage
- warfarin: rat poison, causes fatal hemorrhage if ingested
What are Antioxidants?
- stabilize free radicals
- helps restore damaged tissue
- helps protect immune function and improve cognitive function in senior dogs
What are Vitamin A look alikes?
- carnitine, carotenoids, bioflavinoids
- functions: metabolism of fatty acids, support electron transport, antioxidant capability
Sodium Chloride
- Macromolecule
- NaCl
Potassium
- macromolecule
- K
Phosphorus
- macromolecule
- P
Magnesium
- macromolecule
- Mg
Calcium
- macromolecule
- Ca
Sulfur
- macromolecule
- S
Zinc
- macromolecule
- Zn
Selenium
- macromolecule
- Se
Manganese
- macromolecule
- Mn
Iodine
- macromolecule
- I
Fluorine
- Macromolecule
- F
Chromium
- macromolecule
- Cr
Copper
- micro mineral
- Cu
Iron
- micro mineral
- Fe
Boron
- micro mineral
- B
Molybdenum
- micro mineral
- Mo
Cobalt
- micro mineral
- Co
How many minerals are considered essential to mammals?
18
What are the 2 groups of minerals?
- macro minerals
- micro minerals
What are macro minerals?
Minerals needed in large amounts
What are micro minerals?
Minerals needed in small amounts
What are Inorganic Minerals?
Not composed or involving living organisms or their remains or products
What is Organic?
- Grown with fertilizers that consist only of plant or natural matter
- no chemical additives
Why is the function of Calcium and Phosphorus?
Sustain structural rigidity of bone and teeth
What is Phosphorous?
- anion
- aids in bone and teeth formation
- aids in muscle formation
- energy producing nutrient metabolism
- energy production
- reproduction
What are the symptoms of Phosphorus deficiency?
- deceased appetite
- decreased growth
- dull hair coat
- decreases fertility
- rickets
- spontaneous fractures
What is Rickets?
- young animals
- failure of calcification of osteoid and cartilage of bones
What are symptoms of Phosphorus Excess?
- bone loss
- urinary calculi
- calcification of soft tissue
- secondary hyperthyroidism
What is Calcium?
- cation
- aids in bone and teeth formation
- blood clotting
- muscle function
- nerve transmission
- membrane permeability
What are symptoms of Calcium deficiency?
- decreased growth
- decreased appetite
- decreased bone mineralization
- lameness
- spontaneous fractures, rickets
- tetany
- convulsions
What is Tetany?
Steady contraction of muscle without distinct twitching, continuous spasm
What are symptoms of Calcium Excess?
- decreased feed efficiency
- nephrosis
- lameness
- enlarged costochondral (rib/cartilage junction)
- effected bone and cartilage maturation
What is Potassium?
- cation
- aids in muscle contractions
- transmission of nerve impulses
- osmotic balance
- energy transfer
What are symptoms of Potassium deficiency?
- anorexia
- decreased growth
- lethargy
- locomotive problems
- hypokalemia
- heart and kidney lesions
- emancipation
What are symptoms of Potassium Excess?
- rare
- paresis (slight or complete paralysis)
- bradycardia
What is Sodium Chloride?
- Na:cation
- Cl:anion
- aids in maintaining osmotic pressure
- transmission of nerve impulses
- nutrient uptake
- waste excretion
- water metabolism
What are symptoms of Sodium Chloride deficiency?
- inability to maintain water balance
- decreased growth
- anorexia
- fatigue
- hair loss
What are symptoms of Sodium Chloride excess?
- thirst
- pruritis (itching)
- constipation
- seizures
- hypertension
- death
What is Magnesium?
- cation
- component of bone and intercellular fluid
- neuromuscular transmission
- active components
- active components of several enzymes
- carbs and lipid metabolism
What are symptoms of Magnesium deficiency?
- muscle weakness
- hyper-irritability
- convulsions
- anorexia
- vomiting
- decreased mineralization of bone
- calcification of aorta
What are symptoms of Magnesium excess?
-urinary calculi
What is Zinc?
- activator of 200 known enzymes
- protein synthesis
- carb metabolism
- skin and wound healing
- immune response
- fetal development
- growth rate
What are symptoms of Zinc deficiency?
- anorexia
- alopecia
- impaired reproduction
- vomiting
- hair depigmentation
- conjunctivitis
What is Manganese?
- activation of enzymes
- lipid and carb metabolism
- bone development
- reproduction
- cell membrane
What are symptoms of Manganese deficiency?
- decreased growth (rare in cats and dogs)
- impaired reproduction
What is Selenium?
- immune function
- interacts with Vitamin E to help prevent cellular damage
What are symptoms of Selenium deficiency?
- muscular dystrophy
- reproductive failure
- subcutaneous edema
- renal mineralization
What are symptoms of Selenium excess?
- vomiting spasms
- staggered gait
- salivation
- decreased appetite
- dyspnea
- “garlicky breath”
- nail loss
What is Iodine?
Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
What are symptoms of Iodine deficiency?
- goiter
- fetal reabsorption
- rough hair coat
- enlarged thyroid glands
- alopecia
- apathy
- myxedema
- lethargy
How are Macro Minerals measured?
As %
How are Micro Minerals measured?
- parts per million (ppm)
- mg/kg
What are the considerations about feeding Macro and Micro Minerals?
- solubility
- metabolic interactions with other nutrients
- signalment
- animal’s ability to store the mineral
What is Iron?
-aids in activation of hemoglobin and myoglobin transport
What are symptoms of Iron deficiency?
- anemia
- rough hair coat
- listlessness
- decreased growth
What is Copper?
- catalyst of hemoglobin formation
- cardiac function
- cellular respiration
- connective tissue development
- pigmentation
- bone formation
- myelin formation
- Immune function
What are symptoms of Copper deficiency?
- anemia
- decreased growth
- hair depigmentation
- bone lesions
- aortic rupture
- reproductive failure
What are symptoms of Copper excess?
- hepatitis
- increased liver enzyme activity
What is an Antagonist?
- presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficacy of another
- most mineral reactions
- can occur during: processing, digestion, storage or transport
What is a Synergist?
-2 minerals reacting in a complimentary fashion by either enhancing biological function or sparing the other mineral
What are symptoms of Iron excess?
- anorexia
- decreased serum albumin concentration
- hepatic dysfunction
