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Nutrition > Water,Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Water,Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Water?

A
  • volume effects blood pressure
  • thermoregulating
  • transports solutes & gasses
  • lubricates joints & eyes
  • electrolyte balance
  • essential for absorption & metabolism of water soluble vitamins
  • used for organs to maintain functions
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2
Q

How much weight does water add to a puppy?

A

84%

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3
Q

How much weight is made up of water in an adult dog?

A

50-60%

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4
Q

How much water do cats and dogs require a day?

A

30mL/lb/ day

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5
Q

What are the ways for water to leave the body?

A

Feces
Urine
Insensible losses (lungs and skin)
Sweat

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6
Q

How much water vs food does an animal’s body require every day?

A

2 1/2 times the volume of water compared to the volume of food
-8oz food= 20oz water

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7
Q

What symptoms will an animal have at 4-5% dehydration?

A

No skin turgidity

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8
Q

What symptoms will an animal have at 7% dehydration?

A

No skin turgidity

Sunken eyes

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9
Q

What symptoms will an animal have at 10% dehydration?

A

No skin turgidity
Sunken eyes
Generally in lateral recumbency

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10
Q

What is Pack Cell Volume?

A

PCV

Used to evaluate hydration levels

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11
Q

What are Vitamins?

A
  • Organic compounds necessary for normal physiological functions
  • cannot be synthesized in the body
  • must be present in the body
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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of Vitamins?

A
  • fat soluble (A,D,K,E)

- water soluble (B complex vitamins, C complex vitamins)

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13
Q

What are Fat Soluble Vitamins?

A
  • A,D,K,E
  • bile salts and fat clusters required for passive absorption thru duodenum and ileum
  • stored in liquid deposits in all tissues
  • required in daily doses
  • over supplementation causes toxic syndrome
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14
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin A?

A
  • fish liver oil
  • milk
  • liver
  • egg yolks
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15
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin D?

A
  • liver
  • some fish
  • egg yolks
  • sunlight
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16
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin E?

A
  • wheat germ
  • corn
  • soybean oils
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17
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin K?

A
  • green leafy plants
  • liver
  • fish
  • fish meals
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18
Q

What are Water Soluble Vitamins?

A
  • B complexes and C complexes
  • absorbed via active transport
  • poorly stored
  • excesses are lost in urine
  • need frequent intake
  • deplete fast
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19
Q

Thiamin

A

B Complex

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20
Q

Riboflavin

A

B Complex

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21
Q

Niacin

A

B Complex

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22
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B Complex

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23
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

B Complex

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24
Q

Biotin

A

B Complex

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25
Q

Frolic Acid

A

B Complex

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26
Q

Cobalamin

A

B Complex

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27
Q

Choline

A

B Complex

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28
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruit
  • fruit
  • dark green vegetables
  • AKA: Ascorbic Acid
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29
Q

What is Vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Inflammation of fat tissues

- “yellow fat disease”

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30
Q

What is Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • role: blood clot formation
  • deficiency=hemorrhage
  • warfarin: rat poison, causes fatal hemorrhage if ingested
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31
Q

What are Antioxidants?

A
  • stabilize free radicals
  • helps restore damaged tissue
  • helps protect immune function and improve cognitive function in senior dogs
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32
Q

What are Vitamin A look alikes?

A
  • carnitine, carotenoids, bioflavinoids

- functions: metabolism of fatty acids, support electron transport, antioxidant capability

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33
Q

Sodium Chloride

A
  • Macromolecule

- NaCl

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34
Q

Potassium

A
  • macromolecule

- K

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35
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • macromolecule

- P

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36
Q

Magnesium

A
  • macromolecule

- Mg

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37
Q

Calcium

A
  • macromolecule

- Ca

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38
Q

Sulfur

A
  • macromolecule

- S

39
Q

Zinc

A
  • macromolecule

- Zn

40
Q

Selenium

A
  • macromolecule

- Se

41
Q

Manganese

A
  • macromolecule

- Mn

42
Q

Iodine

A
  • macromolecule

- I

43
Q

Fluorine

A
  • Macromolecule

- F

44
Q

Chromium

A
  • macromolecule

- Cr

45
Q

Copper

A
  • micro mineral

- Cu

46
Q

Iron

A
  • micro mineral

- Fe

47
Q

Boron

A
  • micro mineral

- B

48
Q

Molybdenum

A
  • micro mineral

- Mo

49
Q

Cobalt

A
  • micro mineral

- Co

50
Q

How many minerals are considered essential to mammals?

A

18

51
Q

What are the 2 groups of minerals?

A
  • macro minerals

- micro minerals

52
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals needed in large amounts

53
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Minerals needed in small amounts

54
Q

What are Inorganic Minerals?

A

Not composed or involving living organisms or their remains or products

55
Q

What is Organic?

A
  • Grown with fertilizers that consist only of plant or natural matter
  • no chemical additives
56
Q

Why is the function of Calcium and Phosphorus?

A

Sustain structural rigidity of bone and teeth

57
Q

What is Phosphorous?

A
  • anion
  • aids in bone and teeth formation
  • aids in muscle formation
  • energy producing nutrient metabolism
  • energy production
  • reproduction
58
Q

What are the symptoms of Phosphorus deficiency?

A
  • deceased appetite
  • decreased growth
  • dull hair coat
  • decreases fertility
  • rickets
  • spontaneous fractures
59
Q

What is Rickets?

A
  • young animals

- failure of calcification of osteoid and cartilage of bones

60
Q

What are symptoms of Phosphorus Excess?

A
  • bone loss
  • urinary calculi
  • calcification of soft tissue
  • secondary hyperthyroidism
61
Q

What is Calcium?

A
  • cation
  • aids in bone and teeth formation
  • blood clotting
  • muscle function
  • nerve transmission
  • membrane permeability
62
Q

What are symptoms of Calcium deficiency?

A
  • decreased growth
  • decreased appetite
  • decreased bone mineralization
  • lameness
  • spontaneous fractures, rickets
  • tetany
  • convulsions
63
Q

What is Tetany?

A

Steady contraction of muscle without distinct twitching, continuous spasm

64
Q

What are symptoms of Calcium Excess?

A
  • decreased feed efficiency
  • nephrosis
  • lameness
  • enlarged costochondral (rib/cartilage junction)
  • effected bone and cartilage maturation
65
Q

What is Potassium?

A
  • cation
  • aids in muscle contractions
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • osmotic balance
  • energy transfer
66
Q

What are symptoms of Potassium deficiency?

A
  • anorexia
  • decreased growth
  • lethargy
  • locomotive problems
  • hypokalemia
  • heart and kidney lesions
  • emancipation
67
Q

What are symptoms of Potassium Excess?

A
  • rare
  • paresis (slight or complete paralysis)
  • bradycardia
68
Q

What is Sodium Chloride?

A
  • Na:cation
  • Cl:anion
  • aids in maintaining osmotic pressure
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • nutrient uptake
  • waste excretion
  • water metabolism
69
Q

What are symptoms of Sodium Chloride deficiency?

A
  • inability to maintain water balance
  • decreased growth
  • anorexia
  • fatigue
  • hair loss
70
Q

What are symptoms of Sodium Chloride excess?

A
  • thirst
  • pruritis (itching)
  • constipation
  • seizures
  • hypertension
  • death
71
Q

What is Magnesium?

A
  • cation
  • component of bone and intercellular fluid
  • neuromuscular transmission
  • active components
  • active components of several enzymes
  • carbs and lipid metabolism
72
Q

What are symptoms of Magnesium deficiency?

A
  • muscle weakness
  • hyper-irritability
  • convulsions
  • anorexia
  • vomiting
  • decreased mineralization of bone
  • calcification of aorta
73
Q

What are symptoms of Magnesium excess?

A

-urinary calculi

74
Q

What is Zinc?

A
  • activator of 200 known enzymes
  • protein synthesis
  • carb metabolism
  • skin and wound healing
  • immune response
  • fetal development
  • growth rate
75
Q

What are symptoms of Zinc deficiency?

A
  • anorexia
  • alopecia
  • impaired reproduction
  • vomiting
  • hair depigmentation
  • conjunctivitis
76
Q

What is Manganese?

A
  • activation of enzymes
  • lipid and carb metabolism
  • bone development
  • reproduction
  • cell membrane
77
Q

What are symptoms of Manganese deficiency?

A
  • decreased growth (rare in cats and dogs)

- impaired reproduction

78
Q

What is Selenium?

A
  • immune function

- interacts with Vitamin E to help prevent cellular damage

79
Q

What are symptoms of Selenium deficiency?

A
  • muscular dystrophy
  • reproductive failure
  • subcutaneous edema
  • renal mineralization
80
Q

What are symptoms of Selenium excess?

A
  • vomiting spasms
  • staggered gait
  • salivation
  • decreased appetite
  • dyspnea
  • “garlicky breath”
  • nail loss
81
Q

What is Iodine?

A

Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine

82
Q

What are symptoms of Iodine deficiency?

A
  • goiter
  • fetal reabsorption
  • rough hair coat
  • enlarged thyroid glands
  • alopecia
  • apathy
  • myxedema
  • lethargy
83
Q

How are Macro Minerals measured?

A

As %

84
Q

How are Micro Minerals measured?

A
  • parts per million (ppm)

- mg/kg

85
Q

What are the considerations about feeding Macro and Micro Minerals?

A
  • solubility
  • metabolic interactions with other nutrients
  • signalment
  • animal’s ability to store the mineral
86
Q

What is Iron?

A

-aids in activation of hemoglobin and myoglobin transport

87
Q

What are symptoms of Iron deficiency?

A
  • anemia
  • rough hair coat
  • listlessness
  • decreased growth
88
Q

What is Copper?

A
  • catalyst of hemoglobin formation
  • cardiac function
  • cellular respiration
  • connective tissue development
  • pigmentation
  • bone formation
  • myelin formation
  • Immune function
89
Q

What are symptoms of Copper deficiency?

A
  • anemia
  • decreased growth
  • hair depigmentation
  • bone lesions
  • aortic rupture
  • reproductive failure
90
Q

What are symptoms of Copper excess?

A
  • hepatitis

- increased liver enzyme activity

91
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A
  • presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficacy of another
  • most mineral reactions
  • can occur during: processing, digestion, storage or transport
92
Q

What is a Synergist?

A

-2 minerals reacting in a complimentary fashion by either enhancing biological function or sparing the other mineral

93
Q

What are symptoms of Iron excess?

A
  • anorexia
  • decreased serum albumin concentration
  • hepatic dysfunction

Nutrition (5 decks)

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