Feeding Flashcards
Ingredient
Raw materials used in food
Nutrition
- Substances the body requires to sustain life
- absorbed through the intestinal mucosa
Dry Matter (DM)
Nutrient content based on a moisture free basis
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
- Amount of energy gained from nutrition available for use in the body
- some will be lost in urine and feces
AAFCO
- Association of American Feed Control Officials
- define food and feed ingredients
Meat
- clean flesh from slaughtered animals
- skeletal, tounge, diaphragm, heart, esophagus, viscera muscles
Meat and Bone Meal
- Rendered product from tissue including bone
- no added blood, hair, hooves, hide, trimmings, manure, stomach contents
Meat By-Products
- non-rendered clean parts
- including trimmings, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, liver, blood, bone, stomach and intestines
- must exclude:
- hair, hide, horns, teeth, hooves, manure, stomach contents
Poultry By-Products
- Rendered poultry
- including neck, feet, underdeveloped eggs, intestines
- excludes: feathers
Raw Diet
- Biologically appropriate raw food (BARF)
- key concerns:
- complications from bone ingestion
- contamination with parasites, bacteria, Protozoa
Humectants
Preservatives added that bind water and inhibit mold and fungal growth
Digestibility of food equation
Comparing the amount of a nutrient in the food to the amount of the same nutrient in the feces
When do newborn puppies double their weight?
7-10 days
What is the normal growth rate for puppies?
2-4g/day/kg
Colostrum
- First milk produced during the first 12-24 hours post parturition
- transfers energy, nutrients, and antibodies from bitch to puppy :D
At 3-4 weeks…
- deciduous teeth erupt
- puppies can start eating gruel (1pt dry - 2pt warm water)
When should weaning be complete?
6-8 weeks
Where is energy intake dedicated to during the first few weeks?
- 1/2 to growth
- rest for maintenance
What does increased fat content help with?
Satisfy the increased energy requirements
What are increased fatty acids required for?
- cell membrane formation
- eye and brain development
How much fat should be in puppy food?
8% DM
Why are calcium and phosphorus increased?
Promote skeleton growth
What decreases the amount of food required?
- increased digestibility
- increased density
How many times a day should a puppy be fed?
3 times (more for toy breeds)
What breeds are unable to regulate blood glucose?
Toy breeds
How should puppies be fed?
- 4-5 times a day
- until they reach 10 weeks
When can feeding be reduced?
- once dog has reached 50% of adult body weight
- feeding is reduced to 2-3 times per day
What are the key requirements for growing puppies?
- calcium
- fat
Kilocalories
- kcal
- amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1degree
What is Daily Energy Requirements?
Number of calories needed to maintain an animal’s weight
What increases an animal’s number of calories needed?
- exercise
- lactation
- growth
Production Energy Requirements
Increased energy demands over and above the needs for maintenance
How are nutritional energy requirements calculated?
- metabolic body weight
- weight of actively metabolizing tissue
What is a “complete food”?
Means that the food contains all of the required nutrients for a particular life stage in a bioavailable form
What does a Balanced Food contain?
All of the required nutrients in correct proportions relative to the food’s total energy density
What is Food Total Density?
- Number of calories provided by a given weight or volume of pet food
- expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram or pound of diet
- (kcal/ME/kg)
What are ingredients derived from animal tissues good sources for?
- protein
- fat
- calcium
- phosphorus
- other minerals
What are ingredients derived from plant matter a good source for?
- protein
- essential amino acids
- carbs
- essential fatty acids
- vitamins
- minerals
What are the 3 basic physical forms of food?
- dry
- semi moist
- wet
Dry food
- less than 12% water
- only form of food suitable for ad lib feeding
- helpful in keeping teeth clean and reduce plaque build up
- disadvantage: low palatability
How many kcals does dry food provide?
1,300-2,000
Semi-moist food
- contains 25-35% water
- advantages: higher palatability, serving convenience
- disadvantage: greater cost per serving, contain simple carbs (bad for diabetic cats)
How many kcal does Wet Food provide?
1,209-1,350
Canned or Wet Foods
- contain 75% moisture
- high palatability
- cost more per serving
- less convenient to store
Wet Food
- contain higher levels of protein, phosphorus, sodium and fat on a DM basis
- contain 1,600-2,300 kcal of ME
Super Premium Foods
- formulated to provide optimal nutrition
- highly digestible, high quality ingredients
- contain more calories and nutrients per pound of food
- highly digestible
- pet uses more nutrient and produces less stool
Premium Food
- complete and balanced made with lower quality ingredients
- lower nutritional density
- less expensive
- will have to be fed more to meet nutritional values
- produce more stool
Veterinary or Therapeutic Diets
- dispensed only through vet hospital
- formulated with unique nutrient profiles to help nutritionally manage a wide variety of health conditions
What is the age range canines are considered adults?
1-7 years old
What is the energy density that adult dogs should have?
3.5-4.5kcal/ME/g DM
What is a good source of energy?
- fats
- supply essential fatty acids
What % fat should adult food contain?
5%
Why is protein important?
- maintenance of immune system
- lean body mass
How much crude protein should adult food contain?
Minimum 18%
Puppy Age Range
- less than 1 year old
- up to 2 years in large and giant breed dogs
Mature Adult Age Range
1-6
Senior Age Range
7& up
What are the factors when choosing a pet food?
- physical activity
- nutritional elements
- environmental elements
What is Low Activity Level?
Little to no exercise and are at risk for becoming overweight
What is Moderate Activity Level?
- Daily walks and play
- maintenance diet would be a good choice
What is Hardworking Activity Level?
- herding,search and rescue,agility trials,hunting and guarding
- performance diet would be a good choice
What is Extreme Activity Level?
- 2 sub categories
- sprint racing (short bursts of intense exercise)
- endurance (long periods of running and/or pulling)
- may require customized feeding plans
What are the basic elements for canine athletes?
- carbs
- fat
- protein
Carbs in canine athlete diets:
- sprinting dogs require up to 50% of their caloric intake as carbs
- endurance diets may contain less carbs
- must tailor amount of carbs depending on activity levels
Fats in canine athlete diets:
- longer canine exercises, more fat required
- essential fatty acids should make up 2% of the diets
Protein in canine athlete diets:
- used to form new muscle
- repair damage to muscle and connective tissue
What Environmental elements affect a dog’s energy requirements?
- climate
- environment
- stress
Environmental factor : Climate
- extreme temperatures and humidity can increase energy requirements
- cold induced thermogenesis: ability to increase metabolic rate to produce additional body heat
Environmental Factor: Environment
Type of terrain can effect how hard they work and how many calories they need
Environmental Factor: Stress
- psychological strain
- adequate nutrition can aid in how efficiently the dog copes with these stressors
What is the minimum age for breeding?
-2 years
How long is canine gestation?
- 63 days
- divided into 21 day trimesters
What % of fetal growth occurs in the first 2 trimesters?
-less than 30%
When do you increase food intake in a pregnant bitch?
5th or 6th week
What should the bitch be eating around week 5?
Balanced dog food that contains Atleast 1,600 kcal of ME per pound of food
What are the energy requirements for a bitch?
- calcium and phosphorus: increase by 60% during last 35 days (puppy rapid skeleton growth)
- protein: increase 40-70% during late gestation
- energy: increase 25-50% during gestation depending on size of liter
What are the nutritional requirements for a bitch?
- water: 60lb bitch may consume 4-5 liters of water every day (1.5liters during maintenance)
- calcium/phosphorus: during peak lactation, 2-5 times more calcium will be need depending on litter size
- slowly reduce food intake after week 4 of lactation
What are signs of problems during lactation?
- sudden change in body condition
- abnormal vaginal discharge
- hyper salivation
- seizures
- muscle contractions or weakness
- poor maternal care
- poor weight gain in puppies
- continuous vocalization by puppies
What is the goal in feeding senior dogs?
Maintain health and optimal body condition
Water intake in senior dog
Should be closely monitored since disease and medication may cause dehydration
Fat intake in senior dog
-slight decrease in fat and calories is beneficial
Protein intake in senior dog
- Higher dietary level of protein may compensate for decreased lean muscle mass
- higher level of high quality protein helps minimize losses in the body (protein reserves, supports tissue repair, immune function)
How many meals a day will a domestic cat eat?
12-20 every 24 hours at random intervals
What are the main factors that help determine a cat’s nutritional requirements?
- stage of life
- how active is the cat
- is cat maintaining an ideal body condition
What are the nutritional requirements of cats?
- amino acids: -taurine
- arginine
- vitamins: vitamin A and Vitamin B
- protein
- arachidonic acid
What are the life stages of a cat?
- kitten: less than 1 year
- young adult: 1-7
- mature adult: 7-11
- senior: after 11
What is the size increase of a kitten in the first 5 months?
2000%
When are kittens ready to eat solid food?
- 7-9 weeks
- should be fed kitten food until 10 months
What are the nutritional requirements for kittens?
-energy: require 2X more energy than adults
How long is feline gestation?
62-65 days
How much weight does cat lose when giving birth?
40% of weight gained during pregnancy
What happens to the weight not lost during birth?
- remaining 60% is stored as maternal body fat
- used as energy resource during lactation
How many calories should the queen be taking in when the kittens are born?
25-50% more than normal
What can cause over eating in the queen?
- hormonal and behavior changes
- can also lead to anorexia
When will queens undergo appetite loss?
During 3rd week of gestation
How do you know the queen is about to give birth?
- Food refusal during the 9th week
- birthing should take place within 24-48 hrs
What are the nutritional requirements during gestation and lactation?
- minerals: should contain more calcium and phosphorus
- magnesium is only other increased
- vitamins: A and D
What is the average life span of a cat?
14 years
At what age may cats become less active and at more risk of weight gain?
7
What happens at age 11 in senior cats?
- taste diminishes
- ability to absorb key nutrients may decline
- these changes may result in
- less interest in food
- weight loss
- muscle loss
What are the signs of aging in cats?
- decrease in coat condition
- decreased activity level
- decreased acuity of hearing or eyesight
- onset of arthritis
- weight loss
Why are older cats predisposed to dehydration?
- aging can impair thirst sensitivity
- impaired renal function
What are the lifestyle factors that affect nutritional values of felines?
- activity level
- environment
- stress
- breed
What are the signs of a hairball?
- deep,dry coughing with muted sounds coming from nose and throat
- occasional vomiting
- weight loss
- loss of appetite
- constipation
- regurgitation of food after eating
What are the ways to control hairballs?
- regular brushing
- fresh drinking water at all times
- feed diet formulated to control hairball formation
What are 2 ways to help a cat lose weight?
- reduce caloric intake
- encourage more exercise
What is FLUTD?
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
What croup of diseases does FLUTD cover?
- feline ureters
- urinary bladders
- urethra
What are the clinical signs of FLUTD?
-Hematuria: bloody urine
-Dysuria: difficult urination
-Stranguria: slow or painful urination
Pollakiuria:abnormally frequent urinaation
-Inappropriate urination (periuria)
-partial or complete urethral blockage
What are the most common types of FLUTD?
- idiopathic cystitis
- urethral obstruction
- urolithiasis: calculi stones in bladder
What is Idiopath cystitis?
- common diagnosis of FLUTD
- painful, noninfectious, inflammatory bladder condition
- typically affects cats 2-7
- Dysuria and Hematuria are most common signs
- clinical signs resolve in 4-7 days regardless of trement
What is Urolithiasis?
- urinary stones
- most common stone:struvite
- more likely to form in basic pH urine
- males are more likely to develop
What is Urethral obstruction?
- urethral plugs
- most common in males
What are Urethral Plugs?
unorganized masses of mucus like protein containing varying amounts of minerals and cell debris
What are the predisposing factors of FLUTD?
=indoor cats have higher risk
- 2-7yrs increased risk for urethral plugs
- 4yrs+: high risk for urolighiasis and feline idiopathic cysitis
- 4-7yrs: highest risk for struvite uroliths
- 7-10yrs: highest risk for calcium oxilate
