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Water, Vitamins, and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maintenance rate for fluids in dogs and cats?

A

50 mg/kg/day

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2
Q

What is the rate for fluids given to dogs and cats in shock?

A

dogs- 90 ml/kg/hour for 1 hour

cats- 50 ml/kg/hour for 1 hour

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3
Q

What are the fluid requirements of puppies and kittens? For newborns?

A

50-60 ml/lb/day

80 ml in newborns

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4
Q

What are the fluid requirements to correct dehydration?

A

2-5 times maintenance rate for 24-48 hours

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5
Q

What is the purpose of incipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

They are the active ingredients

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6
Q

What is the purpose of excipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

They are the binders, colorants, and palatablity enhancers added to supplements.

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7
Q

What is a potential problem associated with excipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

May cause dietary allergies

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8
Q

What are some possible sources of calcium?

A

Legumes, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium acetate

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9
Q

What is the correct Ca:P?

A

1:1 to 2:1

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10
Q

What are the signs of eclampsia in dogs?

A

Seizures, tetany, poor uterine contractions, prolonged QT interval on EKG

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11
Q

What is the primary sign of calcium deficiency?

A

Bone reabsorption (Rickets)

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12
Q

What is a potential complication of feeding dogs, cats, and reptiles all meat diets?

A

Nutritional hyperparathyroidism, leading to osteoporosis and even pathological fractures

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13
Q

Depriving reptiles of sunlight or UV light leaves them at risk for what deficiency?

A

Hypovitaminosis D, leading to nutritional hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

What is a potential complication of feeding starved dogs too much or giving a diabetic dog insulin or glucose too quickly?

A

Hypophosphatemia (phosphate needed for glycolysis intermediates)

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15
Q

Why are abnormalities in blood sodium or potassium usually associated with disease?

A

They are both well regulated and potassium tends to be intracellular

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16
Q

What sign is common to both sodium deficiency and toxicity?

A

Neurological signs

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17
Q

What can cause salt poisoning/hypernatremia in animals?

A

Restricting water while feeding a high sodium diet

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18
Q

What are the signs of hypokalemia? Include signs specific to cats.

A

Irregular cardiac rhythm, flat T waves

In cats- muscle weakness, persistent ventroflexion of the neck, increased CPK

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19
Q

Hypokalemia is common in cats with which disease?

A

Renal failure due to increased renal losses

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20
Q

What are the functions of sulfur?

A

Protein synthesis in ruminants, taurine synthesis in birds, wool production in sheep, large intestine fermentation

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21
Q

What are possible sources of iron? Which is most absorbable?

A

Iron fillings, ferrous sulfate, ferrous carbonate, heme iron. Heme iron is most available (30-50%)

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22
Q

Which other minerals compete with iron for absorption sites?

A

Copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, Cd (cadmium?)

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23
Q

What compounds inhibit iron absorption?

A

Phytates and vegetable proteins

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24
Q

What are the signs of iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia; thrombocytosis

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25
How can iron deficiency be diagnosed?
Serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity
26
Which species are more efficient at absorbing iron? Why can this be a problem?
Mynah birds, birds of paradise, and toucans | Iron can accumulate in the liver, causing fibrosis, hepatomegaly, etc.
27
What is the function of iodine?
Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
28
What are some dietary sources of iodine?
Seaweed and kelp, some in milk and eggs
29
What are the signs of iodine deficiency?
Goiter, decreased metabolic rate, poor growth, poor hair coat, decreased reproduction
30
Iodine deficiency is seen in birds fed what type of diet?
Seed only
31
What are the signs of iodine toxicity?
Also causes goiter
32
What are some dietary sources of copper?
Legumes and shellfish
33
What are the functions of copper?
Part of metallenzymes needed for hemoglobin, melanin, and myelin formation, etc.
34
Which compounds inhibit copper absorption?
Thiomolybdates and phytates
35
What are the signs of copper deficiency?
Microcytic anemia, neutropenia Possible cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats Diarrhea in cattle and sheep, spectacles around eyes in cattle Ataxia in lambs
36
What is the risk of exposing cattle and sheep to contaminated pastures near mines?
Accumulate copper in the liver which is released during stress and can cause toxicity
37
What genetic defect in copper metabolism is found in Bedlington Terrier?
Wilson's disease or hepatic copper toxicosis
38
What is the treatment for hepatic copper toxicosis?
Drugs to chelate copper, zinc supplementation (competes with copper for absorption)
39
What are the functions of zinc?
Metalloenzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, stabilizes membranes, protein synthesis Stimulates immunity at pharmacologic doses
40
What dogs are at risk of zinc deficiency?
Those fed high fiber, high calcium generic diets | Huskies, Malamutes, and rapidly growing dogs
41
What are the signs of zinc deficiency?
Poor appetite, growth, bone/shell/feather formation, fertility; decreased immune function, small testicles
42
What problem can zinc toxicity cause?
Hemolytic anemia
43
What are the functions of molybdenum?
Metalloenzymes for uric acid synthesis, metabolism of drugs and foreign compounds
44
What are the signs of molybdenum excess?
Interference with copper and sulfur metabolism | Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and poor reproduction
45
What are the functions of manganese?
Cartilage formation, enzymes for glycolysis and antioxidant activity
46
In which species is manganese deficiency most commonly found? What are the signs?
Chicken- perosis/slipped tendon in Achilles tendon | Poor growth, bone malformation, swollen joints, etc
47
What is the function of selenium?
Works with vitamin E as an antioxidant
48
What are the signs of selenium deficiency in lambs, pigs, and poultry?
Lambs- white muscle disease Pigs- liver necrosis, mulberry heart disease Poultry- exudative diathesis
49
What are the acute, subacute, and chronic signs of selenium toxicity?
Acute- respiratory distress, diarrhea, and death Subacute- blind staggers- stumbling paralysis, impaired vision, etc. Chronic- alkali disease- decrease in vitality, loss of hair, etc.
50
What is the function of cobalt?
Essential part of vitamin B12
51
What are the signs of cobalt deficiency?
Unthriftiness, lacrimation, anemia
52
Why is cobalt supplementation required by ruminants, but not monogastrics?
Intestinal bacteria in ruminants can synthesize vitamin B12 from cobalt
53
What is the function of chromium?
Insulin potentiation
54
What are the indications for chromium supplementation?
Diabetes, increased exercise, disease, stress
55
What are the functions of vanadium?
Mimics the actions of insulin, affects iodine/thyroid metabolism
56
Which GI problem can indirectly cause deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K?
Fat malabsorption
57
Why must cats be given retinol in their diet instead of cartenoids?
They lack the enzyme needed to split carotenoids into retinol.
58
What are the functions of vitamin A?
Synthesis of rhodopsin for night vision, DNA transcription (promotes differentiation and proliferation), promotes immunity at high doses
59
Which diseases in dogs have been treated using high doses of carotenoids?
Solar dermatitis and squamous cell carcinoma
60
What are the signs of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness; poor heat tolerance, emaciation, etc. in cattle; cutaneous abscesses in seed eating birds
61
What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?
Cervical spondylosis reported in cats
62
True or False: dogs and cats require vitamin D supplements.
False. Dogs and cats need to get vitamin D from their diet but animal fat usually contains enough.
63
Which species require supplementation with vitamin D3?
New World monkeys and poultry
64
What is the function of vitamin D?
Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine and calcium reabsorption in the kidney Affects transcription of calcium binding proteins
65
What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets
66
What disease process can cause vitamin D deficiency?
Chronic renal failure
67
What are the consequences of excess vitamin D?
Hypercalcemia and tissue mineralization
68
What is the function of vitamin E?
Antioxidant, stimulates humoral and cell mediated immunity
69
What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?
Myopathy, decreased reproduction, mastitis
70
Why is vitamin E deficiency seen in fish eating animals when fish is a good source of vitamin E?
Poor packaging and long transport of fish may lead to oxidation.
71
What condition does vitamin E deficiency cause in cats?
Steatitis
72
What are diseases that respond to therapeutic vitamin E?
Any disease involving oxidation, e.g. reperfusion injury
73
What is the function of vitamin K?
Cofactor in synthesis of clotting factors
74
What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency?
Hemorrhage similar to Warfarin poisoning
75
Which species do not synthesize vitamin C?
Primates, guinea pigs, some bats, some birds, fish, and invertebrates
76
What are the functions of vitamin C?
Collagen formation, antioxidant, fibroblast and osteoblast function, adrenal hormone synthesis
77
What are the signs of vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy- loose teeth, poor wound healing, ruptured capillaries, etc.
78
What is the function of vitamin B1?
Needed for coenzymes in energy metabolism
79
Why can eating bracken, fish, heart, and/or spleen induce vitamin B1 deficiency?
They contain thiaminases
80
What is another name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
81
What is another name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
82
What is the function of vitamin B2?
Needed for coenzymes in redox reactions, as in the electron transport chain
83
What are the signs of vitamin B1 deficiency?
Ataxia, impaired righting and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, poorly responsive pupils, ventroflexion of the neck, circling, and cardiac arrhythmias
84
What are the signs of vitamin B2 deficiency?
Poor growth, angular stomatitis in humans
85
What is another name for vitamin B3?
Niacin
86
What is the function of vitamin B3?
Needed for the coenzymes NAD and NAPH
87
What can pharmcologic doses of vitamin B3 cause in dogs?
Hypocholesterolemia
88
What are the signs of vitamin B3 deficiency?
Pellagra-like lesions/black tongue, GI disturbace, bloody discharge from mucous membranes, inappetance, poor growth, diarrhea, dermatitis
89
What has been shown to occur in cats given very high doses of vitamin B3?
Profound vasodilation
90
What is another name for vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
91
What is the function of vitamin B5?
Part of coenzyme A in energy and fat metabolism
92
What is another name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
93
What are the functions of vitamin B6?
Conenzyme in amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, heme formation
94
What are the signs of vitamin B6 deficiency?
Decreased growth, inappetence, dermatitis, neurological signs
95
What is another name for vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
96
What is the function of vitamin B12?
Coenzyme, converts homocysteine to methionine, formation of nucleic acids and myelin
97
Where is vitamin B12 absorbed? How?
Carrier mediated transport in the ileum
98
What are the signs of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Inappetence, poor growth, neuropathies
99
In which breed has idiopathic malabsorption of vitamin B12 been described?
Giant Schnauzers
100
Which diseases are associated with mild vitamin B12 deficiency?
Small intestinal disease affecting the ileum Bacterial overgrowth where bacteria compete for B12 Pancreatic insufficiency in cats Home cooked diets where no supplement is given
101
Which disease is associated with slightly elevated folate in the blood?
Intestinal bacterial overgrowth
102
What is the function of folate?
Precursor of tetrahydrofolate used in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism
103
Where is folate absorbed in the GI tract?
Proximal small intestine
104
Sulfa antibiotics inhibit which step of folate metabolism?
Conversion of PABA to folate
105
Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and methotrexate inhibit which step of folate metabolism?
Conversion of folate to tetrahydrofolate by terahydrofolate reductase (THFR)
106
What are the signs of folate deficiency?
Poor growth, slow dividing cells, anemia, low WBC count
107
Which supplements would you give to treat sulfa toxicois and trimethoprim/methotrexate toxicosis, respectively?
Folate and tetrahydrofolate/folacin
108
Why might a horse have folate deficiency?
Not out on pasture
109
What is the function of biotin?
Coenzyme of carboxylases used in fat and carbohydrate metabolism
110
What are the signs of biotin deficiency?
Poor growth and hair coat, dermatitis
111
Why would eating raw egg whites lead to a biotin deficiency?
Raw egg whites have avidin that binds biotin | Cooking deactivates avidin
112
What is the function of choline?
Methyl donor in phospholipid metabolism, part of acetylcholine
113
What are the signs of choline deficiency?
Poor growth and hepatic lipidosis. Recommended for the treatment of hepatic lipidosis in cats.
114
Why might insufficient choline in the diet not cause problems?
Methionine can also act as a methyl donor, so choline may not be needed if there is enough methionine
115
What is the function of inositol?
Second messenger, phospholipid
116
Why might supplemental inositol be given?
Cats with fatty liver
117
What is the function of pyrroloquinalone quinone?
Required for growth in rodents, antioxidant activity May reduce incidence of atherosclerosis in humans Possibly helpful in canine cardiomyopathy

Nutrition (3 decks)

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