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Nutrition > Water, Vitamins, and Minerals > Flashcards

Water, Vitamins, and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maintenance rate for fluids in dogs and cats?

A

50 mg/kg/day

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2
Q

What is the rate for fluids given to dogs and cats in shock?

A

dogs- 90 ml/kg/hour for 1 hour

cats- 50 ml/kg/hour for 1 hour

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3
Q

What are the fluid requirements of puppies and kittens? For newborns?

A

50-60 ml/lb/day

80 ml in newborns

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4
Q

What are the fluid requirements to correct dehydration?

A

2-5 times maintenance rate for 24-48 hours

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5
Q

What is the purpose of incipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

They are the active ingredients

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6
Q

What is the purpose of excipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

They are the binders, colorants, and palatablity enhancers added to supplements.

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7
Q

What is a potential problem associated with excipients in vitamin/mineral supplements?

A

May cause dietary allergies

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8
Q

What are some possible sources of calcium?

A

Legumes, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium acetate

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9
Q

What is the correct Ca:P?

A

1:1 to 2:1

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10
Q

What are the signs of eclampsia in dogs?

A

Seizures, tetany, poor uterine contractions, prolonged QT interval on EKG

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11
Q

What is the primary sign of calcium deficiency?

A

Bone reabsorption (Rickets)

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12
Q

What is a potential complication of feeding dogs, cats, and reptiles all meat diets?

A

Nutritional hyperparathyroidism, leading to osteoporosis and even pathological fractures

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13
Q

Depriving reptiles of sunlight or UV light leaves them at risk for what deficiency?

A

Hypovitaminosis D, leading to nutritional hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

What is a potential complication of feeding starved dogs too much or giving a diabetic dog insulin or glucose too quickly?

A

Hypophosphatemia (phosphate needed for glycolysis intermediates)

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15
Q

Why are abnormalities in blood sodium or potassium usually associated with disease?

A

They are both well regulated and potassium tends to be intracellular

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16
Q

What sign is common to both sodium deficiency and toxicity?

A

Neurological signs

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17
Q

What can cause salt poisoning/hypernatremia in animals?

A

Restricting water while feeding a high sodium diet

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18
Q

What are the signs of hypokalemia? Include signs specific to cats.

A

Irregular cardiac rhythm, flat T waves

In cats- muscle weakness, persistent ventroflexion of the neck, increased CPK

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19
Q

Hypokalemia is common in cats with which disease?

A

Renal failure due to increased renal losses

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20
Q

What are the functions of sulfur?

A

Protein synthesis in ruminants, taurine synthesis in birds, wool production in sheep, large intestine fermentation

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21
Q

What are possible sources of iron? Which is most absorbable?

A

Iron fillings, ferrous sulfate, ferrous carbonate, heme iron. Heme iron is most available (30-50%)

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22
Q

Which other minerals compete with iron for absorption sites?

A

Copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, Cd (cadmium?)

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23
Q

What compounds inhibit iron absorption?

A

Phytates and vegetable proteins

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24
Q

What are the signs of iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia; thrombocytosis

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25
Q

How can iron deficiency be diagnosed?

A

Serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity

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26
Q

Which species are more efficient at absorbing iron? Why can this be a problem?

A

Mynah birds, birds of paradise, and toucans

Iron can accumulate in the liver, causing fibrosis, hepatomegaly, etc.

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27
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones

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28
Q

What are some dietary sources of iodine?

A

Seaweed and kelp, some in milk and eggs

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29
Q

What are the signs of iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter, decreased metabolic rate, poor growth, poor hair coat, decreased reproduction

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30
Q

Iodine deficiency is seen in birds fed what type of diet?

A

Seed only

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31
Q

What are the signs of iodine toxicity?

A

Also causes goiter

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32
Q

What are some dietary sources of copper?

A

Legumes and shellfish

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33
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A

Part of metallenzymes needed for hemoglobin, melanin, and myelin formation, etc.

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34
Q

Which compounds inhibit copper absorption?

A

Thiomolybdates and phytates

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35
Q

What are the signs of copper deficiency?

A

Microcytic anemia, neutropenia
Possible cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats
Diarrhea in cattle and sheep, spectacles around eyes in cattle
Ataxia in lambs

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36
Q

What is the risk of exposing cattle and sheep to contaminated pastures near mines?

A

Accumulate copper in the liver which is released during stress and can cause toxicity

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37
Q

What genetic defect in copper metabolism is found in Bedlington Terrier?

A

Wilson’s disease or hepatic copper toxicosis

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38
Q

What is the treatment for hepatic copper toxicosis?

A

Drugs to chelate copper, zinc supplementation (competes with copper for absorption)

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39
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A

Metalloenzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, stabilizes membranes, protein synthesis
Stimulates immunity at pharmacologic doses

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40
Q

What dogs are at risk of zinc deficiency?

A

Those fed high fiber, high calcium generic diets

Huskies, Malamutes, and rapidly growing dogs

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41
Q

What are the signs of zinc deficiency?

A

Poor appetite, growth, bone/shell/feather formation, fertility; decreased immune function, small testicles

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42
Q

What problem can zinc toxicity cause?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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43
Q

What are the functions of molybdenum?

A

Metalloenzymes for uric acid synthesis, metabolism of drugs and foreign compounds

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44
Q

What are the signs of molybdenum excess?

A

Interference with copper and sulfur metabolism

Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and poor reproduction

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45
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A

Cartilage formation, enzymes for glycolysis and antioxidant activity

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46
Q

In which species is manganese deficiency most commonly found? What are the signs?

A

Chicken- perosis/slipped tendon in Achilles tendon

Poor growth, bone malformation, swollen joints, etc

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47
Q

What is the function of selenium?

A

Works with vitamin E as an antioxidant

48
Q

What are the signs of selenium deficiency in lambs, pigs, and poultry?

A

Lambs- white muscle disease
Pigs- liver necrosis, mulberry heart disease
Poultry- exudative diathesis

49
Q

What are the acute, subacute, and chronic signs of selenium toxicity?

A

Acute- respiratory distress, diarrhea, and death
Subacute- blind staggers- stumbling paralysis, impaired vision, etc.
Chronic- alkali disease- decrease in vitality, loss of hair, etc.

50
Q

What is the function of cobalt?

A

Essential part of vitamin B12

51
Q

What are the signs of cobalt deficiency?

A

Unthriftiness, lacrimation, anemia

52
Q

Why is cobalt supplementation required by ruminants, but not monogastrics?

A

Intestinal bacteria in ruminants can synthesize vitamin B12 from cobalt

53
Q

What is the function of chromium?

A

Insulin potentiation

54
Q

What are the indications for chromium supplementation?

A

Diabetes, increased exercise, disease, stress

55
Q

What are the functions of vanadium?

A

Mimics the actions of insulin, affects iodine/thyroid metabolism

56
Q

Which GI problem can indirectly cause deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K?

A

Fat malabsorption

57
Q

Why must cats be given retinol in their diet instead of cartenoids?

A

They lack the enzyme needed to split carotenoids into retinol.

58
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Synthesis of rhodopsin for night vision, DNA transcription (promotes differentiation and proliferation), promotes immunity at high doses

59
Q

Which diseases in dogs have been treated using high doses of carotenoids?

A

Solar dermatitis and squamous cell carcinoma

60
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness; poor heat tolerance, emaciation, etc. in cattle; cutaneous abscesses in seed eating birds

61
Q

What are the signs of vitamin A toxicity?

A

Cervical spondylosis reported in cats

62
Q

True or False: dogs and cats require vitamin D supplements.

A

False. Dogs and cats need to get vitamin D from their diet but animal fat usually contains enough.

63
Q

Which species require supplementation with vitamin D3?

A

New World monkeys and poultry

64
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestine and calcium reabsorption in the kidney
Affects transcription of calcium binding proteins

65
Q

What are the signs of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

66
Q

What disease process can cause vitamin D deficiency?

A

Chronic renal failure

67
Q

What are the consequences of excess vitamin D?

A

Hypercalcemia and tissue mineralization

68
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant, stimulates humoral and cell mediated immunity

69
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Myopathy, decreased reproduction, mastitis

70
Q

Why is vitamin E deficiency seen in fish eating animals when fish is a good source of vitamin E?

A

Poor packaging and long transport of fish may lead to oxidation.

71
Q

What condition does vitamin E deficiency cause in cats?

A

Steatitis

72
Q

What are diseases that respond to therapeutic vitamin E?

A

Any disease involving oxidation, e.g. reperfusion injury

73
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

Cofactor in synthesis of clotting factors

74
Q

What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhage similar to Warfarin poisoning

75
Q

Which species do not synthesize vitamin C?

A

Primates, guinea pigs, some bats, some birds, fish, and invertebrates

76
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A

Collagen formation, antioxidant, fibroblast and osteoblast function, adrenal hormone synthesis

77
Q

What are the signs of vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy- loose teeth, poor wound healing, ruptured capillaries, etc.

78
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1?

A

Needed for coenzymes in energy metabolism

79
Q

Why can eating bracken, fish, heart, and/or spleen induce vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

They contain thiaminases

80
Q

What is another name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

81
Q

What is another name for vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

82
Q

What is the function of vitamin B2?

A

Needed for coenzymes in redox reactions, as in the electron transport chain

83
Q

What are the signs of vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Ataxia, impaired righting and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, poorly responsive pupils, ventroflexion of the neck, circling, and cardiac arrhythmias

84
Q

What are the signs of vitamin B2 deficiency?

A

Poor growth, angular stomatitis in humans

85
Q

What is another name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

86
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3?

A

Needed for the coenzymes NAD and NAPH

87
Q

What can pharmcologic doses of vitamin B3 cause in dogs?

A

Hypocholesterolemia

88
Q

What are the signs of vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

Pellagra-like lesions/black tongue, GI disturbace, bloody discharge from mucous membranes, inappetance, poor growth, diarrhea, dermatitis

89
Q

What has been shown to occur in cats given very high doses of vitamin B3?

A

Profound vasodilation

90
Q

What is another name for vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid

91
Q

What is the function of vitamin B5?

A

Part of coenzyme A in energy and fat metabolism

92
Q

What is another name for vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

93
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B6?

A

Conenzyme in amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, heme formation

94
Q

What are the signs of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Decreased growth, inappetence, dermatitis, neurological signs

95
Q

What is another name for vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

96
Q

What is the function of vitamin B12?

A

Coenzyme, converts homocysteine to methionine, formation of nucleic acids and myelin

97
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed? How?

A

Carrier mediated transport in the ileum

98
Q

What are the signs of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Inappetence, poor growth, neuropathies

99
Q

In which breed has idiopathic malabsorption of vitamin B12 been described?

A

Giant Schnauzers

100
Q

Which diseases are associated with mild vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Small intestinal disease affecting the ileum
Bacterial overgrowth where bacteria compete for B12
Pancreatic insufficiency in cats
Home cooked diets where no supplement is given

101
Q

Which disease is associated with slightly elevated folate in the blood?

A

Intestinal bacterial overgrowth

102
Q

What is the function of folate?

A

Precursor of tetrahydrofolate used in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism

103
Q

Where is folate absorbed in the GI tract?

A

Proximal small intestine

104
Q

Sulfa antibiotics inhibit which step of folate metabolism?

A

Conversion of PABA to folate

105
Q

Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and methotrexate inhibit which step of folate metabolism?

A

Conversion of folate to tetrahydrofolate by terahydrofolate reductase (THFR)

106
Q

What are the signs of folate deficiency?

A

Poor growth, slow dividing cells, anemia, low WBC count

107
Q

Which supplements would you give to treat sulfa toxicois and trimethoprim/methotrexate toxicosis, respectively?

A

Folate and tetrahydrofolate/folacin

108
Q

Why might a horse have folate deficiency?

A

Not out on pasture

109
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

Coenzyme of carboxylases used in fat and carbohydrate metabolism

110
Q

What are the signs of biotin deficiency?

A

Poor growth and hair coat, dermatitis

111
Q

Why would eating raw egg whites lead to a biotin deficiency?

A

Raw egg whites have avidin that binds biotin

Cooking deactivates avidin

112
Q

What is the function of choline?

A

Methyl donor in phospholipid metabolism, part of acetylcholine

113
Q

What are the signs of choline deficiency?

A

Poor growth and hepatic lipidosis. Recommended for the treatment of hepatic lipidosis in cats.

114
Q

Why might insufficient choline in the diet not cause problems?

A

Methionine can also act as a methyl donor, so choline may not be needed if there is enough methionine

115
Q

What is the function of inositol?

A

Second messenger, phospholipid

116
Q

Why might supplemental inositol be given?

A

Cats with fatty liver

117
Q

What is the function of pyrroloquinalone quinone?

A

Required for growth in rodents, antioxidant activity
May reduce incidence of atherosclerosis in humans
Possibly helpful in canine cardiomyopathy

Nutrition (3 decks)

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