Terminology

Question 1

Essential nutrient

Answer 1

A nutrient that cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities in a normal animal and must be provided in the diet

Question 2

Conditionally essential nutrient

Answer 2

A nutrient that can be synthesized in adequate quantities in a normal animal but not in certain circumstances, such as disease or a particular life stage or other physiological state and must be provided in the diet only in those circumstances

Question 3

A balanced diet for a normal animal

Answer 3

A diet that provides adequate quantities of all essential nutrients when the diet in consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight or growth

Question 4

A balanced diet for an animal with disease

Answer 4

A diet that provides adequate quantities of all essential nutrients and conditionally essential nutrients when the diet in consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight or growth

Question 5

A physiological dose of a nutrient

Answer 5

Provides adequate nutrients for a normal animal

Question 6

A pharmacological dose of a nutrient

Answer 6

A higher dose than physiological that modifies the response in a sick patient

Question 7

Dry food

Answer 7

Less than 20% moisture, 10% average

Question 8

Canned or moist food

Answer 8

Greater than 65% moisture, average 75% or 80% if “with gravy”

Question 9

Soft-moist food

Answer 9

Between 20 and 65% moisture, 30% average

Question 10

Soft-dry food

Answer 10

Blend of soft-moist and dry particles

Question 11

Neutraceutical or functional food

Answer 11

A nutrient with a drug-like character

Question 12

Meat

Answer 12

Striated muscle

Question 13

Meat by-products

Answer 13

Parts of the carcass that are not meat. Includes: organs, blood, bone, etc. Does not include: hair, horns, teeth, and hooves

Question 14

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 14

The amount of energy required for minimal metabolism, that is, in an animal after 12 hours of fasting or postabsorptive state that is awake, lying down, hasn’t exercised in the past 30 minutes, and in a thermoneutral, unstressed environment to which it is adapted

Question 15

Resting fed metabolic rate (RFMR) or resting energy expenditure (REE)

Answer 15

Same as BMR, but not postabsorptive. Applies to dogs in cages.

Question 16

Maintenance energy requirement (MER)

Answer 16

The amount of energy needed to maintain energy equilibrium over a length of time

Question 17

Gross energy (GE)

Answer 17

Total energy content in food, found by burning food in a bomb calorimeter

Question 18

Digestible energy (DE)

Answer 18

Energy intake minus energy in feces

Question 19

Metabolizable energy (ME)

Answer 19

Energy intake minus energy in feces, urine, and combustible gas

Question 20

Minimum requirement (MR)

Answer 20

Minimal concentration/amount of a bioavailable nutrient that will support a defined physiological state. Determined by experiments.

Question 21

Adequate intake (AI)

Answer 21

Concentration/amount of a nutrient that will support a defined physiological state where no MR has been demonstrated. Determined by feeding trials.

Question 22

Recommended allowance (RA)

Answer 22

Concentration/amount of a nutrient in a diet formulated to support a defined physiological state. It is the MR or AI plus a safety factor.

Question 23

Safe upper limit (SUL)

Answer 23

Maximal concentrations/amount of a nutrient that has not been associated with adverse effects.

Question 24

Dry period

Answer 24

The last 50-60 days of gestation when the cow is not lactating

Question 25

Dry cow

Answer 25

A cow that is not lactating and possibly pregnant

Question 26

Far-off or light dry cow

Answer 26

One in the early part of the dry period, or 20-60 days from calving

Question 27

Springer or close-up dry cow

Answer 27

One that is less than three weeks from expected calving

Question 28

Fresh cow

Answer 28

A cow that has just calved and is lactating

Question 29

As fed intake (AFI)

Answer 29

The amount of actual feed the cow eats in a day

Question 30

By-product feed

Answer 30

Feeds that are by-products of a primary industry

Question 31

Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Answer 31

Nitrogen sources that can be given to ruminants and used by rumen microflora

Question 32

Degradable protein intake

Answer 32

Protein that is degraded in the rumen and utilized by rumen microflora to create bacterial protein

Question 33

Undegradable protein intake

Answer 33

Protein that is not degraded in the rumen and not available to rumen microflora

Question 34

Effective NDF (effNDF)

Answer 34

A measure of effective particle size of a feed or ration, or the part of the diet that stimulates cud chewing and rumen motility