Water Topic Flashcards by Gem Shuffla

Solubility

A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution, at a given temperature

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Solution

A homogenous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

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Solubility curve

A plot of solubility versus temperature for a particular solute dissolved in a particular solvent

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Solvent

A substance, usually a liquid, which is able to dissolve a solute. E.g water

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Solute

A substance that dissolves in a solvent, e.g sugar

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Specific heat capacity

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an amount of substance, usually 1 gram by 1•C

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Precipitation

Aka double replacement. Formation of an insoluble product (precipitate) from aqueous solutions of ionic salts

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Ion-dipole attraction

The force of attraction between an ion and a polar molecule

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Ionic equations

Equations written to show only those substances which actively take part it change in a reaction

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The process of dissolving involves the…

… Dissociation of an ionic substance in water (precipitation reaction)

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Precipitation reaction ionic equation:

Pb(NO¬3)2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq)

PbSO4 (s) + 2KNO3¬ (aq)
 Pb2+ + NO3¬- + 2K+ + SO42- 
(Soluble ions get cancelled out)
Therefore ionic equation is:
Pb2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4 (s)

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Latent heat of fusion

Measures the energy required to change the state of a substance at it’s melting or boiling temperature

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Latent heat of vaporization of water

The amount of energy required to change a fixed amount of water from a liquid to a gas at 100•C

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Respiration formula

C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) –> 6H2O (l) + 6CO2

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Photosynthesis formula

6H2O (l) + 6CO2 (g) –> C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)

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Intermolecular

Like internet.

The forces between different molecules

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Intramolecular

Like intranet.

Forces holding atoms together within a molecule

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Colloids

Very small particles spread throughout a liquid, solid or gas. These particles are bigger than single molecules bus so small that they do not settle on standing

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Dissociation

The separation of positive and negative ions as an ionic lattice melts or dissolves

Electrolyte

A solution or molten substance that conducts electricity by means of the movement of ions

Hydrated ions

Ions surrounded by water molecules in aqueous solutions

Hydronium ion

The H3O+ ion

Hydrogen bond

A strong dipole-dipole attraction that form between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to one of the electronegative elements nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine

Ionisation

a. The reaction of a molecular substance with a solvent to form ions in solution
b. The removal of one or more electrons from an atom or ion

Latent heat

The energy needed to change the state of a substance at its melting or boiling temperature

Photosynthesis

The reaction that occurs in the leaves of plants between carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, to form glucose and oxygen

Respiration

A biological process in which nutrients are broken down to simpler molecules with the release of energy

Concentration

A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or solution

Crystalisiation

Some solute comes out of solution to form crystals

Dilute

A dilute solution is one in which the ration of amount os solute to solvent or solution is low

Dilution

The addition of solvent to a solution to reduce its concentration

Molarity

The amount of solute (mole) dissolved in 1 litre of solution

Saturated solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at the given temperature

Supersaturated solution

An unstable solution that has more solute dissolved at that temperature than a saturated solution

Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less solute dissolved at that temperature than a saturated solution

Chlorination

Reactions with chlorine

Desalination

The removal of salts from seawater to obtain fresh water

Distillation

The separation of a liquid from a solid or other liquid by heating to cause evaporation, followed by cooling to cause condensation

Filtrate

The liquid that passes through a filter

Flocculation

Small suspended particles come together to form larger, heavier particles, which are usually insoluble

Ion exchange

A process in which ions are removed from a solution by absorption onto the surface of a resin. The resin releases other ions (usually H+ or OH-) into the solution in exchange

Ionic equation

An equation that includes only the ions involved in that equation

Precipitate

A solid formed during a reaction in which two or more solutions are mixed

Precipitation reaction

Reaction between substances in solution in which one of the products are insoluble

Reverse osmosis

A process by which pure water can be obtained from salt water, causing a net flow of water molecules away from the solution through a semipermeable membrane

Spectator ions

Ions that remain in a solution and are unchanged in the course of a reaction, Spectator ions are not included in ionic equations